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Hot deformation behavior and microstructural evolution of as-cast TC4 titanium alloy.

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Title: Hot deformation behavior and microstructural evolution of as-cast TC4 titanium alloy.
Authors: Yu, Yiwen1 (AUTHOR) yyw6841@qq.com, Qiang, Fengming1 (AUTHOR) qiangfengming@126.com, Cai, Jun1 (AUTHOR) caijun0116@163.com, Li, Chongchong1 (AUTHOR) lcc3284@163.com, Wang, Wen1 (AUTHOR) wangwen2025@126.com, Wang, Kuaishe1 (AUTHOR) wangkuaishe888@126.com
Source: Journal of Materials Science. Jun2025, Vol. 60 Issue 21, p8870-8889. 20p.
Subjects: Isothermal compression, Strain rate, Fracture mechanics, Hot working, Microstructure
Abstract: To optimize the forging process parameters of as-cast TC4 (Ti–6Al–4V) titanium alloy, the hot deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of the alloy were investigated within the temperature range of 1073–1323 K and strain rates from 0.001 to 10 s−1 using an isothermal compression testing system. Based on the experimental data, a strain-compensated Arrhenius constitutive model was developed. Microstructure analysis revealed that in the dual-phase region, the primary softening mechanism is dynamic recrystallization, whereas in the single-phase region, dynamic recovery predominates. Two types of dynamic recrystallization were observed: continuous dynamic recrystallization and discontinuous dynamic recrystallization. Power dissipation, instability, and thermal processing maps were constructed using the dynamic material model to elucidate the material's rheological behavior and microstructure evolution under various deformation conditions. By combining the hot processing map with microstructural observations, the optimal hot working window for as-cast TC4 titanium alloy was determined to be a deformation temperature range of 1133–1173 K and a strain rate of 0.001–0.01 s−1. In this range, the alloy exhibits a high degree of dynamic recrystallization. The instability zone primarily occurs at a strain rate of 10 s−1, where cracking and flow localization take place. Thus, to prevent material failure, deformation should be avoided in the instability zone during forging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Materials Science is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Hot deformation behavior and microstructural evolution of as-cast TC4 titanium alloy.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Materials+Science%22">Journal of Materials Science</searchLink>. Jun2025, Vol. 60 Issue 21, p8870-8889. 20p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Isothermal+compression%22">Isothermal compression</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Strain+rate%22">Strain rate</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fracture+mechanics%22">Fracture mechanics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Hot+working%22">Hot working</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Microstructure%22">Microstructure</searchLink>
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: To optimize the forging process parameters of as-cast TC4 (Ti–6Al–4V) titanium alloy, the hot deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of the alloy were investigated within the temperature range of 1073–1323 K and strain rates from 0.001 to 10 s−1 using an isothermal compression testing system. Based on the experimental data, a strain-compensated Arrhenius constitutive model was developed. Microstructure analysis revealed that in the dual-phase region, the primary softening mechanism is dynamic recrystallization, whereas in the single-phase region, dynamic recovery predominates. Two types of dynamic recrystallization were observed: continuous dynamic recrystallization and discontinuous dynamic recrystallization. Power dissipation, instability, and thermal processing maps were constructed using the dynamic material model to elucidate the material's rheological behavior and microstructure evolution under various deformation conditions. By combining the hot processing map with microstructural observations, the optimal hot working window for as-cast TC4 titanium alloy was determined to be a deformation temperature range of 1133–1173 K and a strain rate of 0.001–0.01 s−1. In this range, the alloy exhibits a high degree of dynamic recrystallization. The instability zone primarily occurs at a strain rate of 10 s−1, where cracking and flow localization take place. Thus, to prevent material failure, deformation should be avoided in the instability zone during forging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Materials Science is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1007/s10853-025-10938-y
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 20
        StartPage: 8870
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      – SubjectFull: Isothermal compression
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Strain rate
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      – SubjectFull: Fracture mechanics
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      – SubjectFull: Hot working
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      – SubjectFull: Microstructure
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      – TitleFull: Hot deformation behavior and microstructural evolution of as-cast TC4 titanium alloy.
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            NameFull: Yu, Yiwen
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            NameFull: Qiang, Fengming
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            NameFull: Li, Chongchong
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            NameFull: Wang, Wen
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            – D: 01
              M: 06
              Text: Jun2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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