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Open‐source implementation of X‐nuclear sequences using the Pulseq framework.

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Title: Open‐source implementation of X‐nuclear sequences using the Pulseq framework.
Authors: Liu, Xiaoxi1 (AUTHOR), Cui, Di1 (AUTHOR) di.cui@ucsf.edu, Larson, Peder E. Z.1 (AUTHOR), Mayer, Dirk2,3 (AUTHOR), Korzowski, Andreas4,5 (AUTHOR), Nielsen, Jon‐Fredrik6 (AUTHOR), Schulte, Rolf F.7 (AUTHOR), Mu, Changhua1 (AUTHOR), Carvajal, Lucas1 (AUTHOR), Xu, Duan1 (AUTHOR), Gordon, Jeremy W.1 (AUTHOR), Vigneron, Daniel B.1 (AUTHOR), Flavell, Robert R.1 (AUTHOR), Wang, Zhen J.1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. Aug2025, Vol. 94 Issue 2, p651-664. 14p.
Subjects: Modular design, Diagnostic imaging, Scanning systems, Human experimentation, Deuterium
Abstract: Purpose: Create vendor‐neutral modular sequences for X‐nuclear acquisitions and build an X‐nuclear–enabled Pulseq interpreter for GE (GE HealthCare, Waukesha, WI) scanners. Methods: We designed a modular 2D gradient echo spiral sequence to support several sequence formats and a modular metabolite‐specific 3D balanced steady‐state free precession sequence for hyperpolarized (HP) carbon‐13 (13C) MRI. In addition, we developed a new Pulseq interpreter for GE scanners, named TOPPE MNS (TOPPE Multi‐Nuclear Spectroscopy), to implement X‐nuclear acquisitions capabilities. We evaluated TOPPE MNS and the modular sequences through phantom studies using phosphorus‐31 (31P), hydrogen‐2 (2H), and 13C coils, and in vivo studies including a human brain deuterium metabolic imaging study at natural abundance, HP 13C animal studies, and human renal studies. Results: Data from the 13C phantom showed the accuracy of designed modular sequences and consistent performance with the product sequences. 31P, 2H, and 13C phantom studies and a multi‐vendor/multi‐version 13C phantom study showed accurate excitation and spatial encoding functionalities. A 2H‐MRS brain volunteer study, HP [1‐13C]pyruvate animal study, and human renal study showed good image quality with SNR comparable to those reported in the published literature. These results demonstrated the reproducibility of the TOPPE MNS GE interpreter and modular spiral sequences. Conclusion: We have designed a modular 2D gradient echo spiral sequence supporting several sequence formats and a modular metabolic‐specific 3D balanced steady‐state free precession sequence for 13C acquisition, as well as developed a GE interpreter with X‐nucleus capabilities. Our work paves the way for future multi‐site studies with acquisitions for X‐nuclei across MRI vendors and software versions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Open‐source implementation of X‐nuclear sequences using the Pulseq framework.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Liu%2C+Xiaoxi%22">Liu, Xiaoxi</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Cui%2C+Di%22">Cui, Di</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> di.cui@ucsf.edu</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Larson%2C+Peder+E%2E+Z%2E%22">Larson, Peder E. Z.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mayer%2C+Dirk%22">Mayer, Dirk</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Korzowski%2C+Andreas%22">Korzowski, Andreas</searchLink><relatesTo>4,5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Nielsen%2C+Jon‐Fredrik%22">Nielsen, Jon‐Fredrik</searchLink><relatesTo>6</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Schulte%2C+Rolf+F%2E%22">Schulte, Rolf F.</searchLink><relatesTo>7</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mu%2C+Changhua%22">Mu, Changhua</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Carvajal%2C+Lucas%22">Carvajal, Lucas</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Xu%2C+Duan%22">Xu, Duan</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gordon%2C+Jeremy+W%2E%22">Gordon, Jeremy W.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Vigneron%2C+Daniel+B%2E%22">Vigneron, Daniel B.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Flavell%2C+Robert+R%2E%22">Flavell, Robert R.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Zhen+J%2E%22">Wang, Zhen J.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Magnetic+Resonance+in+Medicine%22">Magnetic Resonance in Medicine</searchLink>. Aug2025, Vol. 94 Issue 2, p651-664. 14p.
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Purpose: Create vendor‐neutral modular sequences for X‐nuclear acquisitions and build an X‐nuclear–enabled Pulseq interpreter for GE (GE HealthCare, Waukesha, WI) scanners. Methods: We designed a modular 2D gradient echo spiral sequence to support several sequence formats and a modular metabolite‐specific 3D balanced steady‐state free precession sequence for hyperpolarized (HP) carbon‐13 (13C) MRI. In addition, we developed a new Pulseq interpreter for GE scanners, named TOPPE MNS (TOPPE Multi‐Nuclear Spectroscopy), to implement X‐nuclear acquisitions capabilities. We evaluated TOPPE MNS and the modular sequences through phantom studies using phosphorus‐31 (31P), hydrogen‐2 (2H), and 13C coils, and in vivo studies including a human brain deuterium metabolic imaging study at natural abundance, HP 13C animal studies, and human renal studies. Results: Data from the 13C phantom showed the accuracy of designed modular sequences and consistent performance with the product sequences. 31P, 2H, and 13C phantom studies and a multi‐vendor/multi‐version 13C phantom study showed accurate excitation and spatial encoding functionalities. A 2H‐MRS brain volunteer study, HP [1‐13C]pyruvate animal study, and human renal study showed good image quality with SNR comparable to those reported in the published literature. These results demonstrated the reproducibility of the TOPPE MNS GE interpreter and modular spiral sequences. Conclusion: We have designed a modular 2D gradient echo spiral sequence supporting several sequence formats and a modular metabolic‐specific 3D balanced steady‐state free precession sequence for 13C acquisition, as well as developed a GE interpreter with X‐nucleus capabilities. Our work paves the way for future multi‐site studies with acquisitions for X‐nuclei across MRI vendors and software versions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1002/mrm.30509
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      – SubjectFull: Modular design
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Diagnostic imaging
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      – SubjectFull: Scanning systems
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              Text: Aug2025
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