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TiO2 addition induced grain refinement and hardening of laser-clad FeCrAl coating on T91 steel.

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Title: TiO2 addition induced grain refinement and hardening of laser-clad FeCrAl coating on T91 steel.
Authors: Dong, Haiyu1 (AUTHOR), Chai, Linjiang1 (AUTHOR) chailinjiang@cqut.edu.cn, Wang, Chuanmei1 (AUTHOR), Liu, Hongliang1 (AUTHOR), Hu, Chaodan1 (AUTHOR), Zhao, Xiaotong1 (AUTHOR), Yang, Yimeng1 (AUTHOR), Zhang, Min2 (AUTHOR)
Source: Materials Characterization. Jul2025, Vol. 225, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
Subjects: Aluminum oxide, Titanium dioxide, Martensitic transformations, Laser heating, Hardness testing
Abstract: To overcome the shortcoming of FeCrAl coatings liable to form coarse columnar grains, this work explores the influence of TiO₂ addition on grain structure and hardness characteristics of laser-clad FeCrAl coatings on T91 steel. Results show that the cross-sections of the FeCrAl and FeCrAl/TiO 2 coating samples consist of three regions: cladding zone (CZ), heat-affected zone (HAZ) and substrate, with distinct microstructural features. The CZ of the FeCrAl coating sample is composed of coarse columnar grains (average size 35.5 ± 0.7 μm), while the FeCrAl/TiO 2 coating consists of uniform equiaxed grains with an much smaller average size of 7.8 ± 0.4 μm. Analysis indicates that the TiO 2 particles added into the initial powders undergo decomposition during laser heating and re-precipitate as Ti-rich nano-particles during subsequent cooling, which can act as heterogeneous nucleation sites and promote the formation of equiaxed grains. The HAZs of both the laser-clad samples are composed of fine martensitic laths, with specific orientation relationships followed during the martensitic transformation, resulting in distinct misorientation characteristics. Hardness tests show that the FeCrAl and FeCrAl/TiO 2 coatings have average hardnesses of 264.1 ± 3.6 HV and 327.6 ± 10.4 HV, respectively, both much greater than the substrate (206.4 ± 2.9 HV). Quantitative analysis of microstructural characteristics indicates that the greater hardness of the FeCrAl/TiO 2 coating can be ascribed to combined grain-refinement strengthening, second-phase strengthening and solid-solution strengthening. • FeCrAl and FeCrAl/TiO 2 coatings were fabricated on T91 steel using powder-feeding laser cladding. • FeCrAl coating predominantly comprises coarse columnar grains with dispersed Al 2 O 3 and AlN nano-particles. • FeCrAl/TiO 2 coating mainly consists of fine and uniform equiaxed grains with dispersed Al 2 O 3 and TiN nano-particles. • FeCrAl/TiO 2 coating possesses higher much hardness than FeCrAl coating and substrate. • TiO 2 addition induced hardening can be jointly ascribed to grain-refinement, solid-solution, and second-phase strengthening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Materials Characterization is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: TiO2 addition induced grain refinement and hardening of laser-clad FeCrAl coating on T91 steel.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Dong%2C+Haiyu%22">Dong, Haiyu</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Chai%2C+Linjiang%22">Chai, Linjiang</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> chailinjiang@cqut.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Chuanmei%22">Wang, Chuanmei</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Liu%2C+Hongliang%22">Liu, Hongliang</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hu%2C+Chaodan%22">Hu, Chaodan</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhao%2C+Xiaotong%22">Zhao, Xiaotong</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yang%2C+Yimeng%22">Yang, Yimeng</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+Min%22">Zhang, Min</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Materials+Characterization%22">Materials Characterization</searchLink>. Jul2025, Vol. 225, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Aluminum+oxide%22">Aluminum oxide</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Titanium+dioxide%22">Titanium dioxide</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Martensitic+transformations%22">Martensitic transformations</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Laser+heating%22">Laser heating</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Hardness+testing%22">Hardness testing</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: To overcome the shortcoming of FeCrAl coatings liable to form coarse columnar grains, this work explores the influence of TiO₂ addition on grain structure and hardness characteristics of laser-clad FeCrAl coatings on T91 steel. Results show that the cross-sections of the FeCrAl and FeCrAl/TiO 2 coating samples consist of three regions: cladding zone (CZ), heat-affected zone (HAZ) and substrate, with distinct microstructural features. The CZ of the FeCrAl coating sample is composed of coarse columnar grains (average size 35.5 ± 0.7 μm), while the FeCrAl/TiO 2 coating consists of uniform equiaxed grains with an much smaller average size of 7.8 ± 0.4 μm. Analysis indicates that the TiO 2 particles added into the initial powders undergo decomposition during laser heating and re-precipitate as Ti-rich nano-particles during subsequent cooling, which can act as heterogeneous nucleation sites and promote the formation of equiaxed grains. The HAZs of both the laser-clad samples are composed of fine martensitic laths, with specific orientation relationships followed during the martensitic transformation, resulting in distinct misorientation characteristics. Hardness tests show that the FeCrAl and FeCrAl/TiO 2 coatings have average hardnesses of 264.1 ± 3.6 HV and 327.6 ± 10.4 HV, respectively, both much greater than the substrate (206.4 ± 2.9 HV). Quantitative analysis of microstructural characteristics indicates that the greater hardness of the FeCrAl/TiO 2 coating can be ascribed to combined grain-refinement strengthening, second-phase strengthening and solid-solution strengthening. • FeCrAl and FeCrAl/TiO 2 coatings were fabricated on T91 steel using powder-feeding laser cladding. • FeCrAl coating predominantly comprises coarse columnar grains with dispersed Al 2 O 3 and AlN nano-particles. • FeCrAl/TiO 2 coating mainly consists of fine and uniform equiaxed grains with dispersed Al 2 O 3 and TiN nano-particles. • FeCrAl/TiO 2 coating possesses higher much hardness than FeCrAl coating and substrate. • TiO 2 addition induced hardening can be jointly ascribed to grain-refinement, solid-solution, and second-phase strengthening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Materials Characterization is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115194
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 1
        StartPage: N.PAG
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Aluminum oxide
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Titanium dioxide
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Martensitic transformations
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Laser heating
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Hardness testing
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: TiO2 addition induced grain refinement and hardening of laser-clad FeCrAl coating on T91 steel.
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            NameFull: Dong, Haiyu
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            NameFull: Chai, Linjiang
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            NameFull: Wang, Chuanmei
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            NameFull: Liu, Hongliang
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            NameFull: Hu, Chaodan
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            NameFull: Zhao, Xiaotong
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            – D: 01
              M: 07
              Text: Jul2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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