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A magnetic field compatible readout circuit for enhanced coincidence time resolution in BGO Cherenkov radiation–based TOF‐PET detectors.

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Title: A magnetic field compatible readout circuit for enhanced coincidence time resolution in BGO Cherenkov radiation–based TOF‐PET detectors.
Authors: Pourashraf, Shirin1 (AUTHOR), Cates, Joshua W.2 (AUTHOR), Levin, Craig S.3 (AUTHOR) cslevin@stanford.edu
Source: Medical Physics. Jun2025, Vol. 52 Issue 6, p4769-4774. 6p.
Subjects: Cherenkov radiation, Positron emission tomography, Electronic systems, Photon detectors, Photodetectors, Magnetic fields, Scintillators
Abstract: Background: Developing time‐of‐flight positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (TOF‐PET/MRI) detectors that exploit prompt Cherenkov photons from bismuth germanate (BGO) crystals for estimating 511 keV photon arrival time. Purpose: To present a low‐noise, high‐speed electronic readout circuit design for BGO‐based TOF‐PET detectors that achieves enhanced coincidence time resolution (CTR) in presence of a strong magnetic field. Methods: The CTR of a BGO‐based TOF‐PET test detector employing a high‐speed, low‐noise electronic readout chain was evaluated in a strong magnetic field produced by a permanent magnet placed directly on top of the circuit. For these experiments, which exploit Cherenkov radiation for precise measurement of annihilation photon time arrival time difference, a point source of 22Na was positioned between a pair of 3 × 3 × 15 mm3 polished BGO crystals wrapped in Teflon tape and optically coupled to 3 × 3 mm2 ultra‐violet (UV)‐sensitive silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs). Results: By incorporating both Cherenkov (prompt) and standard (slow) luminescence components, 283 ± 8 ps and 275 ± 10 ps full‐width‐half‐maximum (FWHM) CTR were achieved without and with the permanent magnet present, respectfully. These values improved to 236 ± 4 ps and 216 ± 17 ps FWHM when only the Cherenkov components of the timing signal (events with the fastest rise time) were considered. Conclusions: Results indicate we have designed a high‐performance readout circuit that achieves significantly the same CTR in BGO with or without a strong magnetic field present. This further demonstrates that UV SiPMs can effectively operate in a strong magnetic field while remaining highly advantageous for detecting Cherenkov radiation, thus highlighting their potential to be used in BGO‐based TOF‐PET/MRI scanners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Medical Physics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: A magnetic field compatible readout circuit for enhanced coincidence time resolution in BGO Cherenkov radiation–based TOF‐PET detectors.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Pourashraf%2C+Shirin%22">Pourashraf, Shirin</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Cates%2C+Joshua+W%2E%22">Cates, Joshua W.</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Levin%2C+Craig+S%2E%22">Levin, Craig S.</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> cslevin@stanford.edu</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Medical+Physics%22">Medical Physics</searchLink>. Jun2025, Vol. 52 Issue 6, p4769-4774. 6p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cherenkov+radiation%22">Cherenkov radiation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Positron+emission+tomography%22">Positron emission tomography</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electronic+systems%22">Electronic systems</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Photon+detectors%22">Photon detectors</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Photodetectors%22">Photodetectors</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Magnetic+fields%22">Magnetic fields</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Scintillators%22">Scintillators</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Background: Developing time‐of‐flight positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (TOF‐PET/MRI) detectors that exploit prompt Cherenkov photons from bismuth germanate (BGO) crystals for estimating 511 keV photon arrival time. Purpose: To present a low‐noise, high‐speed electronic readout circuit design for BGO‐based TOF‐PET detectors that achieves enhanced coincidence time resolution (CTR) in presence of a strong magnetic field. Methods: The CTR of a BGO‐based TOF‐PET test detector employing a high‐speed, low‐noise electronic readout chain was evaluated in a strong magnetic field produced by a permanent magnet placed directly on top of the circuit. For these experiments, which exploit Cherenkov radiation for precise measurement of annihilation photon time arrival time difference, a point source of 22Na was positioned between a pair of 3 × 3 × 15 mm3 polished BGO crystals wrapped in Teflon tape and optically coupled to 3 × 3 mm2 ultra‐violet (UV)‐sensitive silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs). Results: By incorporating both Cherenkov (prompt) and standard (slow) luminescence components, 283 ± 8 ps and 275 ± 10 ps full‐width‐half‐maximum (FWHM) CTR were achieved without and with the permanent magnet present, respectfully. These values improved to 236 ± 4 ps and 216 ± 17 ps FWHM when only the Cherenkov components of the timing signal (events with the fastest rise time) were considered. Conclusions: Results indicate we have designed a high‐performance readout circuit that achieves significantly the same CTR in BGO with or without a strong magnetic field present. This further demonstrates that UV SiPMs can effectively operate in a strong magnetic field while remaining highly advantageous for detecting Cherenkov radiation, thus highlighting their potential to be used in BGO‐based TOF‐PET/MRI scanners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Medical Physics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – SubjectFull: Electronic systems
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      – SubjectFull: Magnetic fields
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      – SubjectFull: Scintillators
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: A magnetic field compatible readout circuit for enhanced coincidence time resolution in BGO Cherenkov radiation–based TOF‐PET detectors.
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            NameFull: Pourashraf, Shirin
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            – D: 01
              M: 06
              Text: Jun2025
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              Y: 2025
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