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An Autofocus Method for Long Synthetic Time and Large Swath Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging Under Multiple Non-Ideal Factors.

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Title: An Autofocus Method for Long Synthetic Time and Large Swath Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging Under Multiple Non-Ideal Factors.
Authors: Zhu, Kaiwen1 (AUTHOR), Wang, Zhen1,2 (AUTHOR), Dong, Zehua1,2 (AUTHOR) z.dong@bit.edu.cn, Li, Han1,2 (AUTHOR), Li, Linghao1,2 (AUTHOR)
Source: Remote Sensing. Jun2025, Vol. 17 Issue 11, p1946. 25p.
Subjects: Synthetic aperture radar, Amplitude estimation, Antennas (Electronics), Problem solving, Interpolation
Abstract: Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is an all-weather and all-day imaging technique for Earth observation. Achieving efficient observation, high resolution, and wide swath coverage have remained critical development goals in SAR technology, which inherently require extended synthetic aperture time. However, various non-ideal factors, including atmospheric disturbances, orbital perturbations, and antenna vibrations. degrade imaging performance, causing defocusing and ghost targets. Furthermore, the long synthetic time and large imaging swath further enlarge the temporal and spatial variability of these factors and seriously degrade the imaging effect. These inherent challenges make autofocusing indispensable for SAR imaging with a long synthetic time and large swath. In this paper, a novel autofocus method specifically designed to address these non-ideal factors is proposed for SAR imaging with a long synthetic time and large swath. The innovation of the method mainly consists of two parts. The first is the autofocus for multiple non-ideal factors, which is accomplished by an improved phase gradient autofocus (PGA) equipped with amplitude error estimation and discrete windowing. PGA with amplitude error estimation can solve the problem of defocus, and discrete windowing can focus the energy of paired echoes. The second is an error fusion and interpolation method for a long synthetic time and large swath. This method fuses errors among sub-apertures in the long synthetic time and can fulfill autofocus for blocks where strong scatterers are not sufficient in the large swath. The proposed method can effectively achieve SAR focusing with a long synthetic time and large swath, considering spatial and temporal variant non-ideal factors. Point target simulations and distributed target simulations based on real scenarios are conducted to validate the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Remote Sensing is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: An Autofocus Method for Long Synthetic Time and Large Swath Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging Under Multiple Non-Ideal Factors.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Remote+Sensing%22">Remote Sensing</searchLink>. Jun2025, Vol. 17 Issue 11, p1946. 25p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Synthetic+aperture+radar%22">Synthetic aperture radar</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Amplitude+estimation%22">Amplitude estimation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Antennas+%28Electronics%29%22">Antennas (Electronics)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Problem+solving%22">Problem solving</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Interpolation%22">Interpolation</searchLink>
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  Data: Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is an all-weather and all-day imaging technique for Earth observation. Achieving efficient observation, high resolution, and wide swath coverage have remained critical development goals in SAR technology, which inherently require extended synthetic aperture time. However, various non-ideal factors, including atmospheric disturbances, orbital perturbations, and antenna vibrations. degrade imaging performance, causing defocusing and ghost targets. Furthermore, the long synthetic time and large imaging swath further enlarge the temporal and spatial variability of these factors and seriously degrade the imaging effect. These inherent challenges make autofocusing indispensable for SAR imaging with a long synthetic time and large swath. In this paper, a novel autofocus method specifically designed to address these non-ideal factors is proposed for SAR imaging with a long synthetic time and large swath. The innovation of the method mainly consists of two parts. The first is the autofocus for multiple non-ideal factors, which is accomplished by an improved phase gradient autofocus (PGA) equipped with amplitude error estimation and discrete windowing. PGA with amplitude error estimation can solve the problem of defocus, and discrete windowing can focus the energy of paired echoes. The second is an error fusion and interpolation method for a long synthetic time and large swath. This method fuses errors among sub-apertures in the long synthetic time and can fulfill autofocus for blocks where strong scatterers are not sufficient in the large swath. The proposed method can effectively achieve SAR focusing with a long synthetic time and large swath, considering spatial and temporal variant non-ideal factors. Point target simulations and distributed target simulations based on real scenarios are conducted to validate the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Remote Sensing is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/rs17111946
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        Text: English
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        PageCount: 25
        StartPage: 1946
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      – SubjectFull: Amplitude estimation
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      – SubjectFull: Antennas (Electronics)
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      – SubjectFull: Interpolation
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      – TitleFull: An Autofocus Method for Long Synthetic Time and Large Swath Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging Under Multiple Non-Ideal Factors.
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            NameFull: Zhu, Kaiwen
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              M: 06
              Text: Jun2025
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              Y: 2025
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