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Quantifying Effects of Design Features on Youth Bicycle Helmet Performance During Oblique Impacts.

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Title: Quantifying Effects of Design Features on Youth Bicycle Helmet Performance During Oblique Impacts.
Authors: Jung, Caitlyn1 (AUTHOR) caitlynjung@vt.edu, Stark, Nicole E. -P.1 (AUTHOR), Gagliardi, Susanna M.1 (AUTHOR), Begonia, Mark T.2 (AUTHOR), Rowson, Steve1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Annals of Biomedical Engineering. Jul2025, Vol. 53 Issue 7, p1651-1662. 12p.
Subjects: Bicycle helmets, Linear acceleration, Safety standards, Cycling, Head injuries
Abstract: Purpose: Cycling is a leading cause of youth sports-related head injury in the U.S. Although youth bicycle helmets sold in the U.S. comply with safety standards limiting head linear acceleration, there needs to be more information on relative differences in protection between helmets that pass. Additionally, studies have yet to look at quantifying youth bicycle helmet performance with respect to their design. Methods: Twenty-one youth bicycle helmet models were subjected to oblique impacts at three locations and two impact speeds where peak linear acceleration (PLA) and peak rotational acceleration (PRA) were quantified. Design features were characterized, including expanded polystyrene (EPS) thickness and presence of shell protrusions. A linear mixed model was used to quantify the effects of design features on PLA and PRA. Results: The youth bicycle helmet models evaluated produced wide ranges in kinematics across all configurations. PLA averaged 95.9 ± 26.1 g at 3.1 m/s and 170.1 ± 43.5 g at 5.2 m/s, while PRA averaged 3150 ± 1275 rad/s2 at 3.1 m/s and 4990 ± 1977 rad/s2 at 5.2 m/s. Impact location, impact speed, and EPS thickness had strong effects on PLA and PRA, whereas shell protrusions only had strong effects on PLA. Conclusion: Youth bicycle helmets with thicker EPS, thinner shells, and shell protrusions at impact locations improved the linear and rotational kinematic measures. Limitations include the small sample size and the impacts analyzed not representing all possible real-world scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Annals of Biomedical Engineering is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Quantifying Effects of Design Features on Youth Bicycle Helmet Performance During Oblique Impacts.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jung%2C+Caitlyn%22">Jung, Caitlyn</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> caitlynjung@vt.edu</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Stark%2C+Nicole+E%2E+-P%2E%22">Stark, Nicole E. -P.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gagliardi%2C+Susanna+M%2E%22">Gagliardi, Susanna M.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Begonia%2C+Mark+T%2E%22">Begonia, Mark T.</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rowson%2C+Steve%22">Rowson, Steve</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Annals+of+Biomedical+Engineering%22">Annals of Biomedical Engineering</searchLink>. Jul2025, Vol. 53 Issue 7, p1651-1662. 12p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Bicycle+helmets%22">Bicycle helmets</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Linear+acceleration%22">Linear acceleration</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Safety+standards%22">Safety standards</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cycling%22">Cycling</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Head+injuries%22">Head injuries</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Purpose: Cycling is a leading cause of youth sports-related head injury in the U.S. Although youth bicycle helmets sold in the U.S. comply with safety standards limiting head linear acceleration, there needs to be more information on relative differences in protection between helmets that pass. Additionally, studies have yet to look at quantifying youth bicycle helmet performance with respect to their design. Methods: Twenty-one youth bicycle helmet models were subjected to oblique impacts at three locations and two impact speeds where peak linear acceleration (PLA) and peak rotational acceleration (PRA) were quantified. Design features were characterized, including expanded polystyrene (EPS) thickness and presence of shell protrusions. A linear mixed model was used to quantify the effects of design features on PLA and PRA. Results: The youth bicycle helmet models evaluated produced wide ranges in kinematics across all configurations. PLA averaged 95.9 ± 26.1 g at 3.1 m/s and 170.1 ± 43.5 g at 5.2 m/s, while PRA averaged 3150 ± 1275 rad/s2 at 3.1 m/s and 4990 ± 1977 rad/s2 at 5.2 m/s. Impact location, impact speed, and EPS thickness had strong effects on PLA and PRA, whereas shell protrusions only had strong effects on PLA. Conclusion: Youth bicycle helmets with thicker EPS, thinner shells, and shell protrusions at impact locations improved the linear and rotational kinematic measures. Limitations include the small sample size and the impacts analyzed not representing all possible real-world scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Annals of Biomedical Engineering is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1007/s10439-025-03730-1
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        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Safety standards
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      – SubjectFull: Head injuries
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      – TitleFull: Quantifying Effects of Design Features on Youth Bicycle Helmet Performance During Oblique Impacts.
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              M: 07
              Text: Jul2025
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              Y: 2025
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