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The Impact of Virtual-, Augmented- and Mixed Reality during Preoperative Informed Consent: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

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Title: The Impact of Virtual-, Augmented- and Mixed Reality during Preoperative Informed Consent: A Systematic Review of the Literature.
Authors: Wehrkamp, Konstantin1 Konstantin.Wehrkamp@gmx.de, Miksch, Rainer C.1 Rainer.Miksch@med.uni-muenchen.de, Polzer, Hans1,2 h.polzer@orthoplus-muc.de, Gilbert, Fabian1 Fabian.Gilbert@med.uni-muenchen.de, Bühner, Markus3 Buehner@lmu.de, Holzapfel, Boris M.1 Boris.Holzapfel@med.uni-muenchen.de, Böcker, Wolfgang1 Wolfgang.Boecker@med.uni-muenchen.de, Neudeck, Rouven1 R.Neudeck@med.uni-muenchen.de
Source: Journal of Medical Systems. 6/24/2025, Vol. 49 Issue 1, p1-20. 20p.
Subjects: Urology, Patient education, Medical information storage & retrieval systems, Cardiology, Neurosurgery, Transplantation of organs, tissues, etc., Anxiety, Virtual reality, Systematic reviews, Vascular surgery, MEDLINE, Informed consent (Medical law), Communication, Patient satisfaction, Plastic surgery, Data analysis software, Augmented reality, Optical head-mounted displays
Abstract: This systematic literature review aimed to examine the effects of Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), and Mixed Reality (MR) head-mounted displays (HMDs) on patient understanding, satisfaction, and anxiety during preoperative informed consent. Following PRISMA-P guidelines (Prospero ID: CRD42023487281), we searched four major databases from their inception to March 24, 2023. Studies were eligible if they utilized VR, AR, or MR HMDs to visualize patient-specific data during informed consent across any medical specialty. Two reviewers independently conducted all steps of the systematic review process, and the risk of bias was assessed using the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS). Sixteen studies involving a total of 1067 patients were identified and included. These comprised 10 Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) and 6 Non-Randomized Controlled Trials (non-RCTs), including one comparative study and five non-comparative studies. The literature reviewed was heterogeneous, encompassing patients with diverse conditions across various medical specialties, including cardiology, neurosurgery, transplantation surgery, vascular surgery, plastic surgery, and urology. The results demonstrated that VR, AR, and MR HMDs positively impact patient understanding, satisfaction, and anxiety reduction. Notably, the findings were more consistent for VR HMDs compared to the limited and variable literature on AR and MR HMDs. VR, AR, and MR HMDs generally show positive effects on patient understanding, satisfaction, and anxiety in preoperative informed consent. While VR HMDs consistently yield positive outcomes, further research is needed to elucidate the effectiveness and benefits of AR and MR HMDs in preoperative consultations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Medical Systems is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: The Impact of Virtual-, Augmented- and Mixed Reality during Preoperative Informed Consent: A Systematic Review of the Literature.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wehrkamp%2C+Konstantin%22">Wehrkamp, Konstantin</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> Konstantin.Wehrkamp@gmx.de</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Miksch%2C+Rainer+C%2E%22">Miksch, Rainer C.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> Rainer.Miksch@med.uni-muenchen.de</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Polzer%2C+Hans%22">Polzer, Hans</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo><i> h.polzer@orthoplus-muc.de</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gilbert%2C+Fabian%22">Gilbert, Fabian</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> Fabian.Gilbert@med.uni-muenchen.de</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bühner%2C+Markus%22">Bühner, Markus</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo><i> Buehner@lmu.de</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Holzapfel%2C+Boris+M%2E%22">Holzapfel, Boris M.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> Boris.Holzapfel@med.uni-muenchen.de</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Böcker%2C+Wolfgang%22">Böcker, Wolfgang</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> Wolfgang.Boecker@med.uni-muenchen.de</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Neudeck%2C+Rouven%22">Neudeck, Rouven</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> R.Neudeck@med.uni-muenchen.de</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Urology%22">Urology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Patient+education%22">Patient education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Medical+information+storage+%26+retrieval+systems%22">Medical information storage & retrieval systems</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cardiology%22">Cardiology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Neurosurgery%22">Neurosurgery</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Transplantation+of+organs%2C+tissues%2C+etc%2E%22">Transplantation of organs, tissues, etc.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Anxiety%22">Anxiety</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Virtual+reality%22">Virtual reality</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Systematic+reviews%22">Systematic reviews</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Vascular+surgery%22">Vascular surgery</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22MEDLINE%22">MEDLINE</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Informed+consent+%28Medical+law%29%22">Informed consent (Medical law)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Communication%22">Communication</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Patient+satisfaction%22">Patient satisfaction</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Plastic+surgery%22">Plastic surgery</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Data+analysis+software%22">Data analysis software</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Augmented+reality%22">Augmented reality</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Optical+head-mounted+displays%22">Optical head-mounted displays</searchLink>
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: This systematic literature review aimed to examine the effects of Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), and Mixed Reality (MR) head-mounted displays (HMDs) on patient understanding, satisfaction, and anxiety during preoperative informed consent. Following PRISMA-P guidelines (Prospero ID: CRD42023487281), we searched four major databases from their inception to March 24, 2023. Studies were eligible if they utilized VR, AR, or MR HMDs to visualize patient-specific data during informed consent across any medical specialty. Two reviewers independently conducted all steps of the systematic review process, and the risk of bias was assessed using the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS). Sixteen studies involving a total of 1067 patients were identified and included. These comprised 10 Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) and 6 Non-Randomized Controlled Trials (non-RCTs), including one comparative study and five non-comparative studies. The literature reviewed was heterogeneous, encompassing patients with diverse conditions across various medical specialties, including cardiology, neurosurgery, transplantation surgery, vascular surgery, plastic surgery, and urology. The results demonstrated that VR, AR, and MR HMDs positively impact patient understanding, satisfaction, and anxiety reduction. Notably, the findings were more consistent for VR HMDs compared to the limited and variable literature on AR and MR HMDs. VR, AR, and MR HMDs generally show positive effects on patient understanding, satisfaction, and anxiety in preoperative informed consent. While VR HMDs consistently yield positive outcomes, further research is needed to elucidate the effectiveness and benefits of AR and MR HMDs in preoperative consultations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Medical Systems is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1007/s10916-025-02217-9
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        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Urology
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      – SubjectFull: Patient education
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      – SubjectFull: Medical information storage & retrieval systems
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      – SubjectFull: Transplantation of organs, tissues, etc.
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      – SubjectFull: Anxiety
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      – SubjectFull: Virtual reality
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      – SubjectFull: Systematic reviews
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      – SubjectFull: Vascular surgery
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      – SubjectFull: Data analysis software
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      – SubjectFull: Augmented reality
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