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Phenothiazine-Based Nanoaggregates: Dual Role in Bioimaging and Stem Cell-Driven Photodynamic Therapy.

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Title: Phenothiazine-Based Nanoaggregates: Dual Role in Bioimaging and Stem Cell-Driven Photodynamic Therapy.
Authors: Calzoni, Eleonora1 (AUTHOR), Cesaretti, Alessio1,2 (AUTHOR) alessio.cesaretti@unipg.it, Montegiove, Nicolò3 (AUTHOR), Valicenti, Maria Luisa1,4 (AUTHOR), Morena, Francesco1 (AUTHOR), Misra, Rajneesh2,4 (AUTHOR), Carlotti, Benedetta1,2,3 (AUTHOR), Martino, Sabata1,2,4 (AUTHOR)
Source: Nanomaterials (2079-4991). Jun2025, Vol. 15 Issue 12, p894. 19p.
Subjects: Multipotent stem cells, Mesenchymal stem cells, Photosensitizers, Photodynamic therapy, Stromal cells
Abstract: Nanotechnology is transforming contemporary medicine by providing cutting-edge tools for the treatment and diagnosis of complex disorders. Advanced techniques such as bioimaging and photodynamic therapy (PDT) combine early diagnosis and targeted therapy, offering a more precise approach than conventional treatments. However, a significant obstacle for PDT is the need to selectively deliver photosensitizers to disease sites while minimizing systemic side effects. In this context, mesenchymal stem cells have emerged as promising biological carriers due to their natural tropism towards tumors, low immunogenicity, and their ability to overcome biological barriers. In this study, two push–pull compounds, NPI-PTZ and BTZ-PTZ, phenothiazine derivatives featuring aggregation-induced emission (AIE) abilities, were analyzed. These molecules proved to be excellent fluorescent probes and photosensitizing agents. When administered to human bone marrow-derived multipotent stromal cells (hBM-MSCs) and human adipose multipotent stem cells (hASCs), the compounds were efficiently internalized, maintained a stable fluorescent emission for several days, and showed phototoxicity after irradiation, without inducing major cytotoxic effects under normal conditions. These results highlight the potential of NPI-PTZ and BTZ-PTZ combined with mesenchymal stem cells as theranostic tools, bridging bioimaging and PDT, and suggest new possibilities for advanced therapeutic approaches in clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Nanomaterials (2079-4991) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Phenothiazine-Based Nanoaggregates: Dual Role in Bioimaging and Stem Cell-Driven Photodynamic Therapy.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Nanomaterials+%282079-4991%29%22">Nanomaterials (2079-4991)</searchLink>. Jun2025, Vol. 15 Issue 12, p894. 19p.
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  Data: Nanotechnology is transforming contemporary medicine by providing cutting-edge tools for the treatment and diagnosis of complex disorders. Advanced techniques such as bioimaging and photodynamic therapy (PDT) combine early diagnosis and targeted therapy, offering a more precise approach than conventional treatments. However, a significant obstacle for PDT is the need to selectively deliver photosensitizers to disease sites while minimizing systemic side effects. In this context, mesenchymal stem cells have emerged as promising biological carriers due to their natural tropism towards tumors, low immunogenicity, and their ability to overcome biological barriers. In this study, two push–pull compounds, NPI-PTZ and BTZ-PTZ, phenothiazine derivatives featuring aggregation-induced emission (AIE) abilities, were analyzed. These molecules proved to be excellent fluorescent probes and photosensitizing agents. When administered to human bone marrow-derived multipotent stromal cells (hBM-MSCs) and human adipose multipotent stem cells (hASCs), the compounds were efficiently internalized, maintained a stable fluorescent emission for several days, and showed phototoxicity after irradiation, without inducing major cytotoxic effects under normal conditions. These results highlight the potential of NPI-PTZ and BTZ-PTZ combined with mesenchymal stem cells as theranostic tools, bridging bioimaging and PDT, and suggest new possibilities for advanced therapeutic approaches in clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Nanomaterials (2079-4991) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – SubjectFull: Mesenchymal stem cells
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      – SubjectFull: Photosensitizers
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      – SubjectFull: Photodynamic therapy
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      – SubjectFull: Stromal cells
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      – TitleFull: Phenothiazine-Based Nanoaggregates: Dual Role in Bioimaging and Stem Cell-Driven Photodynamic Therapy.
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              Text: Jun2025
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