Point-of-use refractometer using self-mixing optical feedback interferometry with predictive measurement for flowmetry applications.
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| Title: | Point-of-use refractometer using self-mixing optical feedback interferometry with predictive measurement for flowmetry applications. |
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| Authors: | Bhardwaj, Vibhor Kumar1 (AUTHOR) vibhorkrbhardwaj@gmail.com, Thakur, Amita2 (AUTHOR), Maini, Surita3 (AUTHOR) |
| Source: | Optical & Quantum Electronics. Jun2025, Vol. 57 Issue 6, p1-19. 19p. |
| Subjects: | Optical feedback, Refractive index, Benzyl chloride, Fluidic devices, Microfluidic devices |
| Abstract: | The refractive index is a critical parameter in conducting cellular-level operations in microscale fluidic devices. Higher diffusion rate and use of minuscule samples make these devices an evident choice for point-of-use applications. The main challenge in realizing these devices is maintaining their form factor at a low cost. To address this issue, SM-OFI is being widely explored to design microfluidic flowmetry devices for refractive index measurement due to its portability and less expensive structure. However, measuring the dynamic refractive index of the different concentrated samples is still a limitation for SM-OFI. In this paper, the authors present an Auto-Regressive Least Mean Squares (AR-LMS) signal processing algorithm to measure the refractive index of a sample using SM-OFI. The proposed method takes advantage of the AR-LMS algorithm's predictive capabilities to analyze the interferometric signal. The method was validated using a 650 nm VCSEL on samples with different refractive indices, flowing through a Perspex tube under a controlled flow rate. The samples were prepared using distilled water, benzyl chloride, and methylene iodide for static refractive index, and aqueous NaCl samples for dynamic refractive index. To test the method's efficiency, a comprehensive statistical study has been conducted. The study confirmed the robustness of the measurement scheme with standard errors of 2.14 × 10–3, 1.99 × 10–3, and 1.79 × 10–3 for distilled water, benzyl chloride, and methylene iodide, respectively. Whereas for linearly incremented refractive index, the proposed measurement scheme showcased an R2 value of 0.9995 and a standard error of 0.0022 with a resolution of 0.0152. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Copyright of Optical & Quantum Electronics is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) | |
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| Header | DbId: egs DbLabel: Engineering Source An: 186290002 AccessLevel: 6 PubType: Academic Journal PubTypeId: academicJournal PreciseRelevancyScore: 0 |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Point-of-use refractometer using self-mixing optical feedback interferometry with predictive measurement for flowmetry applications. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bhardwaj%2C+Vibhor+Kumar%22">Bhardwaj, Vibhor Kumar</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> vibhorkrbhardwaj@gmail.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Thakur%2C+Amita%22">Thakur, Amita</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Maini%2C+Surita%22">Maini, Surita</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR) – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Optical+%26+Quantum+Electronics%22">Optical & Quantum Electronics</searchLink>. Jun2025, Vol. 57 Issue 6, p1-19. 19p. – Name: Subject Label: Subjects Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Optical+feedback%22">Optical feedback</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Refractive+index%22">Refractive index</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Benzyl+chloride%22">Benzyl chloride</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fluidic+devices%22">Fluidic devices</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Microfluidic+devices%22">Microfluidic devices</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: The refractive index is a critical parameter in conducting cellular-level operations in microscale fluidic devices. Higher diffusion rate and use of minuscule samples make these devices an evident choice for point-of-use applications. The main challenge in realizing these devices is maintaining their form factor at a low cost. To address this issue, SM-OFI is being widely explored to design microfluidic flowmetry devices for refractive index measurement due to its portability and less expensive structure. However, measuring the dynamic refractive index of the different concentrated samples is still a limitation for SM-OFI. In this paper, the authors present an Auto-Regressive Least Mean Squares (AR-LMS) signal processing algorithm to measure the refractive index of a sample using SM-OFI. The proposed method takes advantage of the AR-LMS algorithm's predictive capabilities to analyze the interferometric signal. The method was validated using a 650 nm VCSEL on samples with different refractive indices, flowing through a Perspex tube under a controlled flow rate. The samples were prepared using distilled water, benzyl chloride, and methylene iodide for static refractive index, and aqueous NaCl samples for dynamic refractive index. To test the method's efficiency, a comprehensive statistical study has been conducted. The study confirmed the robustness of the measurement scheme with standard errors of 2.14 × 10–3, 1.99 × 10–3, and 1.79 × 10–3 for distilled water, benzyl chloride, and methylene iodide, respectively. Whereas for linearly incremented refractive index, the proposed measurement scheme showcased an R2 value of 0.9995 and a standard error of 0.0022 with a resolution of 0.0152. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] – Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright Label: Group: Ab Data: <i>Copyright of Optical & Quantum Electronics is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.1007/s11082-025-08290-1 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 19 StartPage: 1 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Optical feedback Type: general – SubjectFull: Refractive index Type: general – SubjectFull: Benzyl chloride Type: general – SubjectFull: Fluidic devices Type: general – SubjectFull: Microfluidic devices Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Point-of-use refractometer using self-mixing optical feedback interferometry with predictive measurement for flowmetry applications. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Bhardwaj, Vibhor Kumar – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Thakur, Amita – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Maini, Surita IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 15 M: 06 Text: Jun2025 Type: published Y: 2025 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 03068919 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 57 – Type: issue Value: 6 Titles: – TitleFull: Optical & Quantum Electronics Type: main |
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