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Hydroxyapatite incorporated geopolymer porous adsorbent for efficient removal of copper ions and ciprofloxacin.

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Title: Hydroxyapatite incorporated geopolymer porous adsorbent for efficient removal of copper ions and ciprofloxacin.
Authors: Arokiasamy, Pilomeena1,2 (AUTHOR), Abdullah, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri2,3 (AUTHOR) mustafa_albakri@unimap.edu.my, Arifi, Eva3 (AUTHOR), Razak, Rafiza Abdul4 (AUTHOR), Rojviriya, Catleya5 (AUTHOR), Mydin, Md Azree Othuman6 (AUTHOR), Sandu, Andrei Victor7 (AUTHOR), Yaacob, Noorulayuni Atiqah1,2 (AUTHOR), Mohamed, Rosnita1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Journal of the American Ceramic Society. Sep2025, Vol. 108 Issue 9, p1-17. 17p.
Subjects: Calcium silicate hydrate, Scanning electron microscopes, Copper ions, Silica fume, Thermal stability, Ciprofloxacin
Abstract: Sintering is a promising surface modification method for geopolymers in improving their ability to coadsorb heavy metals and antibiotics. However, geopolymer usually requires high sintering temperature (1000–1200°C), making it energy intensive. Therefore, researchers are paying more attention on the synthesis of low‐temperature sintered geopolymer adsorbents for heavy metals and antibiotics. In this regard, calcium‐based geopolymer can lower the sintering temperature due to its less thermal stability and exhibit more pores and wider cracks during heat exposure. However, no research has been done on the development of low‐temperature sintered geopolymer porous adsorbent using hydroxyapatite (Hap). Thus, this study aims to sinter geopolymer composed of 25% metakaolin, 75% silica fume and 2% Hap at varied sintering temperatures (300–800°C) for the coadsorption of copper ions (Cu2+) and ciprofloxacin (CIP). The effects of different sintering temperatures on the phase stability, pore development of the geopolymer and on the removal efficiency of Cu2+ and CIP were studied in both single and binary system. The characterization techniques, namely, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), and X‐ray tomographic microscopy (XTM) were employed to characterize the physicochemical properties of the sintered geopolymer adsorbents. Based on the experimental results, the geopolymer sintered at 600°C obtained the highest removal efficiency of CIP (87%) and Cu2+ (99.53%) in comparison to oven‐cured samples with CIP (61.5%) and Cu2+ (96.62%). Besides, XTM results revealed that the total porosity of geopolymer sintered at 600°C increased by 60.1% when compared to oven‐cured sample. The complete dehydration of calcium aluminate silicate hydrate (C–A–S–H) gel and decomposition of calcite at 600°C created a microporous structure, enhancing Cu2+ and CIP adsorption. Hence, a simple and effective strategy is developed in this study to improve the adsorption efficiency of geopolymer adsorbents for the treatment of wastewater that comprises Cu2+ and CIP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of the American Ceramic Society is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Hydroxyapatite incorporated geopolymer porous adsorbent for efficient removal of copper ions and ciprofloxacin.
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  Label: Authors
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Arokiasamy%2C+Pilomeena%22">Arokiasamy, Pilomeena</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Abdullah%2C+Mohd+Mustafa+Al+Bakri%22">Abdullah, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> mustafa_albakri@unimap.edu.my</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Arifi%2C+Eva%22">Arifi, Eva</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Razak%2C+Rafiza+Abdul%22">Razak, Rafiza Abdul</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rojviriya%2C+Catleya%22">Rojviriya, Catleya</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mydin%2C+Md+Azree+Othuman%22">Mydin, Md Azree Othuman</searchLink><relatesTo>6</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sandu%2C+Andrei+Victor%22">Sandu, Andrei Victor</searchLink><relatesTo>7</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yaacob%2C+Noorulayuni+Atiqah%22">Yaacob, Noorulayuni Atiqah</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mohamed%2C+Rosnita%22">Mohamed, Rosnita</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+the+American+Ceramic+Society%22">Journal of the American Ceramic Society</searchLink>. Sep2025, Vol. 108 Issue 9, p1-17. 17p.
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  Label: Subjects
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Calcium+silicate+hydrate%22">Calcium silicate hydrate</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Scanning+electron+microscopes%22">Scanning electron microscopes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Copper+ions%22">Copper ions</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Silica+fume%22">Silica fume</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thermal+stability%22">Thermal stability</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ciprofloxacin%22">Ciprofloxacin</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Sintering is a promising surface modification method for geopolymers in improving their ability to coadsorb heavy metals and antibiotics. However, geopolymer usually requires high sintering temperature (1000–1200°C), making it energy intensive. Therefore, researchers are paying more attention on the synthesis of low‐temperature sintered geopolymer adsorbents for heavy metals and antibiotics. In this regard, calcium‐based geopolymer can lower the sintering temperature due to its less thermal stability and exhibit more pores and wider cracks during heat exposure. However, no research has been done on the development of low‐temperature sintered geopolymer porous adsorbent using hydroxyapatite (Hap). Thus, this study aims to sinter geopolymer composed of 25% metakaolin, 75% silica fume and 2% Hap at varied sintering temperatures (300–800°C) for the coadsorption of copper ions (Cu2+) and ciprofloxacin (CIP). The effects of different sintering temperatures on the phase stability, pore development of the geopolymer and on the removal efficiency of Cu2+ and CIP were studied in both single and binary system. The characterization techniques, namely, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), and X‐ray tomographic microscopy (XTM) were employed to characterize the physicochemical properties of the sintered geopolymer adsorbents. Based on the experimental results, the geopolymer sintered at 600°C obtained the highest removal efficiency of CIP (87%) and Cu2+ (99.53%) in comparison to oven‐cured samples with CIP (61.5%) and Cu2+ (96.62%). Besides, XTM results revealed that the total porosity of geopolymer sintered at 600°C increased by 60.1% when compared to oven‐cured sample. The complete dehydration of calcium aluminate silicate hydrate (C–A–S–H) gel and decomposition of calcite at 600°C created a microporous structure, enhancing Cu2+ and CIP adsorption. Hence, a simple and effective strategy is developed in this study to improve the adsorption efficiency of geopolymer adsorbents for the treatment of wastewater that comprises Cu2+ and CIP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of the American Ceramic Society is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1111/jace.20618
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 17
        StartPage: 1
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Calcium silicate hydrate
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Scanning electron microscopes
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Copper ions
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Silica fume
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Thermal stability
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ciprofloxacin
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Hydroxyapatite incorporated geopolymer porous adsorbent for efficient removal of copper ions and ciprofloxacin.
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              M: 09
              Text: Sep2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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