Behaviour of the critical elements As, Bi, In, Sb, and Te during processing of a skarn ore: A case study of the Ruwai Zn-Pb-Ag Deposit, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia.
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| Title: | Behaviour of the critical elements As, Bi, In, Sb, and Te during processing of a skarn ore: A case study of the Ruwai Zn-Pb-Ag Deposit, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. |
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| Authors: | Faizy, Shelly M.1 (AUTHOR) s.faizy@hzdr.de, Ebert, Doreen1 (AUTHOR), Kontonikas-Charos, Alkis1,2 (AUTHOR), Burisch, Mathias3 (AUTHOR), Idrus, Arifudin4 (AUTHOR), Ernowo, Ernowo5 (AUTHOR), Widyastanto, Anggara6 (AUTHOR), Frenzel, Max1 (AUTHOR) |
| Source: | Minerals Engineering. Oct2025, Vol. 232, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p. |
| Subjects: | Skarn, Mineral processing, Raw materials, Galena, Data recovery, Sphalerite |
| Abstract: | • First detailed recovery data for As, Ag, Bi, Cd, In, Sb, and Te from a Zn-Pb-Ag skarn deposit. • Geochemical data from minerals processing products as tool to assess critical element recovery. • Estimation of critical-element mass flows worldwide based on Skarn and VHMS deposit. Advancements in modern technology are causing a rapid increase in the consumption of critical elements. Many of these elements are obtained as by-products from the extraction and processing of other raw materials. Yet, limited information is available on their concentrations in primary ores, behaviour during ore processing, and availability to the global economy. This study analysed ores and mineral processing samples from the Ruwai Zn-Pb-Ag skarn deposit to constrain the process behaviours of the critical elements As, Bi, In, Sb, and Te, alongside Ag and Cd, through mass-balancing. Bismuth and Te primarily report to the Pb concentrates at rates of 79–91 %, and 59–77 %, respectively, with losses to tailings below ∼20 % for Bi, and ∼30 % for Te. Antimony recovery to the Pb concentrate is lower (34–52 %), with notable losses to tailings (45–62 %). Indium preferentially reports to the Zn concentrates at rates of 61–84 %, with 14–33 % lost to tailings. By contrast, As is mostly lost to the tailings (77–86 %), with low recoveries in both the Pb and Zn concentrates (5–15 %). Silver and Cd show high recoveries (>76 %) to either the Pb or Zn concentrates. The similar behaviours of Ag, Bi, Sb, and Te to Pb, and Cd and In to Zn, suggest that these elements are either hosted by galena or sphalerite, or by minerals that behave like galena and sphalerite during the flotation process. The results of this study have major implications for the estimation of critical-element mass flows worldwide, providing the first detailed mass-balance data for As, Bi, In, Sb, and Te from a Zn-Pb-Ag skarn deposit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Copyright of Minerals Engineering is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) | |
| Database: | Engineering Source |
| FullText | Text: Availability: 0 |
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| Header | DbId: egs DbLabel: Engineering Source An: 186589881 AccessLevel: 6 PubType: Academic Journal PubTypeId: academicJournal PreciseRelevancyScore: 0 |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Behaviour of the critical elements As, Bi, In, Sb, and Te during processing of a skarn ore: A case study of the Ruwai Zn-Pb-Ag Deposit, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Faizy%2C+Shelly+M%2E%22">Faizy, Shelly M.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> s.faizy@hzdr.de</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ebert%2C+Doreen%22">Ebert, Doreen</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kontonikas-Charos%2C+Alkis%22">Kontonikas-Charos, Alkis</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Burisch%2C+Mathias%22">Burisch, Mathias</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Idrus%2C+Arifudin%22">Idrus, Arifudin</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ernowo%2C+Ernowo%22">Ernowo, Ernowo</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Widyastanto%2C+Anggara%22">Widyastanto, Anggara</searchLink><relatesTo>6</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Frenzel%2C+Max%22">Frenzel, Max</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR) – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Minerals+Engineering%22">Minerals Engineering</searchLink>. Oct2025, Vol. 232, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p. – Name: Subject Label: Subjects Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Skarn%22">Skarn</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mineral+processing%22">Mineral processing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Raw+materials%22">Raw materials</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Galena%22">Galena</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Data+recovery%22">Data recovery</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sphalerite%22">Sphalerite</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: • First detailed recovery data for As, Ag, Bi, Cd, In, Sb, and Te from a Zn-Pb-Ag skarn deposit. • Geochemical data from minerals processing products as tool to assess critical element recovery. • Estimation of critical-element mass flows worldwide based on Skarn and VHMS deposit. Advancements in modern technology are causing a rapid increase in the consumption of critical elements. Many of these elements are obtained as by-products from the extraction and processing of other raw materials. Yet, limited information is available on their concentrations in primary ores, behaviour during ore processing, and availability to the global economy. This study analysed ores and mineral processing samples from the Ruwai Zn-Pb-Ag skarn deposit to constrain the process behaviours of the critical elements As, Bi, In, Sb, and Te, alongside Ag and Cd, through mass-balancing. Bismuth and Te primarily report to the Pb concentrates at rates of 79–91 %, and 59–77 %, respectively, with losses to tailings below ∼20 % for Bi, and ∼30 % for Te. Antimony recovery to the Pb concentrate is lower (34–52 %), with notable losses to tailings (45–62 %). Indium preferentially reports to the Zn concentrates at rates of 61–84 %, with 14–33 % lost to tailings. By contrast, As is mostly lost to the tailings (77–86 %), with low recoveries in both the Pb and Zn concentrates (5–15 %). Silver and Cd show high recoveries (>76 %) to either the Pb or Zn concentrates. The similar behaviours of Ag, Bi, Sb, and Te to Pb, and Cd and In to Zn, suggest that these elements are either hosted by galena or sphalerite, or by minerals that behave like galena and sphalerite during the flotation process. The results of this study have major implications for the estimation of critical-element mass flows worldwide, providing the first detailed mass-balance data for As, Bi, In, Sb, and Te from a Zn-Pb-Ag skarn deposit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] – Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright Label: Group: Ab Data: <i>Copyright of Minerals Engineering is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.1016/j.mineng.2025.109517 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 1 StartPage: N.PAG Subjects: – SubjectFull: Skarn Type: general – SubjectFull: Mineral processing Type: general – SubjectFull: Raw materials Type: general – SubjectFull: Galena Type: general – SubjectFull: Data recovery Type: general – SubjectFull: Sphalerite Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Behaviour of the critical elements As, Bi, In, Sb, and Te during processing of a skarn ore: A case study of the Ruwai Zn-Pb-Ag Deposit, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Faizy, Shelly M. – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Ebert, Doreen – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Kontonikas-Charos, Alkis – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Burisch, Mathias – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Idrus, Arifudin – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Ernowo, Ernowo – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Widyastanto, Anggara – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Frenzel, Max IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 10 Text: Oct2025 Type: published Y: 2025 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 08926875 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 232 Titles: – TitleFull: Minerals Engineering Type: main |
| ResultId | 1 |
