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Magnetopause Boundary Detection Based on a Deep Image Prior Model Using Simulated Lobster-Eye Soft X-Ray Images.

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Title: Magnetopause Boundary Detection Based on a Deep Image Prior Model Using Simulated Lobster-Eye Soft X-Ray Images.
Authors: Wei, Fei1,2,3 (AUTHOR), Lyu, Zhihui1,2,3 (AUTHOR) lvzhihui20@mails.ucas.ac.cn, Peng, Songwu1,3 (AUTHOR), Wang, Rongcong1,2 (AUTHOR), Sun, Tianran1,2 (AUTHOR)
Source: Remote Sensing. Jul2025, Vol. 17 Issue 14, p2348. 23p.
Subjects: Magnetopause, Soft X rays, Image processing, Calibration, Image reconstruction, X-ray optics, Signal denoising
Abstract: This study focuses on the problem of identifying and extracting the magnetopause boundary of the Earth's magnetosphere using the Soft X-ray Imager (SXI) onboard the Solar Wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer (SMILE) mission. The SXI employs lobster-eye optics to perform panoramic imaging of the magnetosphere based on the Solar Wind Charge Exchange (SWCX) mechanism. However, several factors are expected to hinder future in-orbit observations, including the intrinsically low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of soft-X-ray emission, pronounced vignetting, and the non-uniform effective-area distribution of lobster-eye optics. These limitations could severely constrain the accurate interpretation of magnetospheric structures—especially the magnetopause boundary. To address these challenges, a boundary detection approach is developed that combines image calibration with denoising based on deep image prior (DIP). The method begins with calibration procedures to correct for vignetting and effective area variations in the SXI images, thereby restoring the accurate brightness distribution and improving spatial uniformity. Subsequently, a DIP-based denoising technique is introduced, which leverages the structural prior inherent in convolutional neural networks to suppress high-frequency noise without pretraining. This enhances the continuity and recognizability of boundary structures within the image. Experiments use ideal magnetospheric images generated from magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations as reference data. The results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly improves the accuracy of magnetopause boundary identification under medium and high solar wind number density conditions (N = 10–20 cm−3). The extracted boundary curves consistently achieve a normalized mean squared error (NMSE) below 0.05 compared to the reference models. Additionally, the DIP-processed images show notable improvements in peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity index (SSIM), indicating enhanced image quality and structural fidelity. This method provides adequate technical support for the precise extraction of magnetopause boundary structures in soft X-ray observations and holds substantial scientific and practical value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Remote Sensing is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Magnetopause Boundary Detection Based on a Deep Image Prior Model Using Simulated Lobster-Eye Soft X-Ray Images.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wei%2C+Fei%22">Wei, Fei</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lyu%2C+Zhihui%22">Lyu, Zhihui</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> lvzhihui20@mails.ucas.ac.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Peng%2C+Songwu%22">Peng, Songwu</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Rongcong%22">Wang, Rongcong</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sun%2C+Tianran%22">Sun, Tianran</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Remote+Sensing%22">Remote Sensing</searchLink>. Jul2025, Vol. 17 Issue 14, p2348. 23p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Magnetopause%22">Magnetopause</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Soft+X+rays%22">Soft X rays</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Image+processing%22">Image processing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Calibration%22">Calibration</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Image+reconstruction%22">Image reconstruction</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22X-ray+optics%22">X-ray optics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Signal+denoising%22">Signal denoising</searchLink>
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: This study focuses on the problem of identifying and extracting the magnetopause boundary of the Earth's magnetosphere using the Soft X-ray Imager (SXI) onboard the Solar Wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer (SMILE) mission. The SXI employs lobster-eye optics to perform panoramic imaging of the magnetosphere based on the Solar Wind Charge Exchange (SWCX) mechanism. However, several factors are expected to hinder future in-orbit observations, including the intrinsically low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of soft-X-ray emission, pronounced vignetting, and the non-uniform effective-area distribution of lobster-eye optics. These limitations could severely constrain the accurate interpretation of magnetospheric structures—especially the magnetopause boundary. To address these challenges, a boundary detection approach is developed that combines image calibration with denoising based on deep image prior (DIP). The method begins with calibration procedures to correct for vignetting and effective area variations in the SXI images, thereby restoring the accurate brightness distribution and improving spatial uniformity. Subsequently, a DIP-based denoising technique is introduced, which leverages the structural prior inherent in convolutional neural networks to suppress high-frequency noise without pretraining. This enhances the continuity and recognizability of boundary structures within the image. Experiments use ideal magnetospheric images generated from magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations as reference data. The results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly improves the accuracy of magnetopause boundary identification under medium and high solar wind number density conditions (N = 10–20 cm−3). The extracted boundary curves consistently achieve a normalized mean squared error (NMSE) below 0.05 compared to the reference models. Additionally, the DIP-processed images show notable improvements in peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity index (SSIM), indicating enhanced image quality and structural fidelity. This method provides adequate technical support for the precise extraction of magnetopause boundary structures in soft X-ray observations and holds substantial scientific and practical value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Remote Sensing is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/rs17142348
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        Text: English
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        PageCount: 23
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      – SubjectFull: Magnetopause
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Soft X rays
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Image processing
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      – SubjectFull: Calibration
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      – SubjectFull: Image reconstruction
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: X-ray optics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Signal denoising
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      – TitleFull: Magnetopause Boundary Detection Based on a Deep Image Prior Model Using Simulated Lobster-Eye Soft X-Ray Images.
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            NameFull: Wei, Fei
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              M: 07
              Text: Jul2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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