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Feldspar dissolution rates and controlling factors under near-equilibrium conditions in subsurface settings.

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Title: Feldspar dissolution rates and controlling factors under near-equilibrium conditions in subsurface settings.
Authors: Xu, Jinhao1 (AUTHOR), Yuan, Guanghui1 (AUTHOR) yuan.guanghui@upc.edu.cn, Cao, Yingchang1 (AUTHOR) caoych@upc.edu.cn, Jin, Zihao1 (AUTHOR), Liu, Keyu1 (AUTHOR)
Source: SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences. Aug2025, Vol. 68 Issue 8, p2558-2577. 20p.
Subjects: Feldspar, Albite, Chemical dissolution kinetics, Quasi-equilibrium, Porosity, Hydrocarbon reservoirs
Abstract: Feldspar minerals are widely present in clastic reservoirs of hydrocarbon-bearing basins, where they undergo significant dissolution during burial processes. The dissolution kinetics and evolutionary trends of feldspar under burial conditions are critical for the formation of secondary porosity and the evolution of reservoir spaces. The feldspar dissolution process is frequently associated with the precipitation and transformation of complex authigenic minerals, making it challenging to accurately determine dissolution rates under near-equilibrium conditions. This study performed experimental simulations of feldspar (K-feldspar and albite) dissolution under conditions ranging from far-from-equilibrium to near-equilibrium, with varying temperatures and pCO2. Under near-equilibrium conditions, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and laser confocal microscopy were employed to achieve accurate quantification of the dissolution volume of feldspar samples. The dissolution rates of feldspar under near-equilibrium conditions, along with the factors influencing these rates, were systematically investigated. The results indicate that the dissolution rates of K-feldspar under near-equilibrium conditions at temperatures and pCO2 levels of 80°C/1 bar, 120°C/4.2 bar, and 160°C/17.9 bar are 2.16695×1015−8.040×1015, 4.49288×1015−1.480×1014, and 6.17462×1015−2.496×1014 mol cm−2 s−1, respectively. Under the same near-equilibrium conditions, the dissolution rates of albite are 2.93294×1015−1.365×1014, 5.54499×1015−2.170×1014, and 9.42841×1015−3.074×1014 mol cm−2 s−1, respectively. The dissolution rates of feldspar under near-equilibrium conditions are significantly lower (1.5–2 orders of magnitude at high temperatures) than those under far-equilibrium conditions. Furthermore, as the temperature increases by a gradient of 40°C, the dissolution rate only increases by only 1.5 times, which is substantially lower than the rate increase observed under far-equilibrium conditions. The discrepancy between feldspar dissolution rates under far-equilibrium conditions (L-TST) and near-equilibrium conditions increases with rising temperature. Under identical experimental conditions, the dissolution rate of albite under near-equilibrium conditions is higher than that of K-feldspar. The precipitation and transformation of secondary minerals regulate feldspar dissolution under near-equilibrium conditions by altering ion concentrations in the solution. The pH of the solution also plays a significant role in controlling feldspar dissolution under near-equilibrium conditions. This study establishes a method for quantitatively analyzing mineral dissolution using the surface morphological features of dissolved and undissolved segments of polished feldspar samples. This method avoids relying on changes in ion concentrations in the reaction solution, making it more reasonable and widely applicable. Moreover, the results provide valuable insights into feldspar dissolution kinetics under burial conditions within closed systems, enabling a more accurate assessment of the contribution of feldspar dissolution to pore formation in reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Feldspar dissolution rates and controlling factors under near-equilibrium conditions in subsurface settings.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Xu%2C+Jinhao%22">Xu, Jinhao</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yuan%2C+Guanghui%22">Yuan, Guanghui</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> yuan.guanghui@upc.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Cao%2C+Yingchang%22">Cao, Yingchang</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> caoych@upc.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jin%2C+Zihao%22">Jin, Zihao</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Liu%2C+Keyu%22">Liu, Keyu</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22SCIENCE+CHINA+Earth+Sciences%22">SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences</searchLink>. Aug2025, Vol. 68 Issue 8, p2558-2577. 20p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Feldspar%22">Feldspar</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Albite%22">Albite</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Chemical+dissolution+kinetics%22">Chemical dissolution kinetics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Quasi-equilibrium%22">Quasi-equilibrium</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Porosity%22">Porosity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Hydrocarbon+reservoirs%22">Hydrocarbon reservoirs</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Feldspar minerals are widely present in clastic reservoirs of hydrocarbon-bearing basins, where they undergo significant dissolution during burial processes. The dissolution kinetics and evolutionary trends of feldspar under burial conditions are critical for the formation of secondary porosity and the evolution of reservoir spaces. The feldspar dissolution process is frequently associated with the precipitation and transformation of complex authigenic minerals, making it challenging to accurately determine dissolution rates under near-equilibrium conditions. This study performed experimental simulations of feldspar (K-feldspar and albite) dissolution under conditions ranging from far-from-equilibrium to near-equilibrium, with varying temperatures and pCO2. Under near-equilibrium conditions, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and laser confocal microscopy were employed to achieve accurate quantification of the dissolution volume of feldspar samples. The dissolution rates of feldspar under near-equilibrium conditions, along with the factors influencing these rates, were systematically investigated. The results indicate that the dissolution rates of K-feldspar under near-equilibrium conditions at temperatures and pCO2 levels of 80°C/1 bar, 120°C/4.2 bar, and 160°C/17.9 bar are 2.16695×1015−8.040×1015, 4.49288×1015−1.480×1014, and 6.17462×1015−2.496×1014 mol cm−2 s−1, respectively. Under the same near-equilibrium conditions, the dissolution rates of albite are 2.93294×1015−1.365×1014, 5.54499×1015−2.170×1014, and 9.42841×1015−3.074×1014 mol cm−2 s−1, respectively. The dissolution rates of feldspar under near-equilibrium conditions are significantly lower (1.5–2 orders of magnitude at high temperatures) than those under far-equilibrium conditions. Furthermore, as the temperature increases by a gradient of 40°C, the dissolution rate only increases by only 1.5 times, which is substantially lower than the rate increase observed under far-equilibrium conditions. The discrepancy between feldspar dissolution rates under far-equilibrium conditions (L-TST) and near-equilibrium conditions increases with rising temperature. Under identical experimental conditions, the dissolution rate of albite under near-equilibrium conditions is higher than that of K-feldspar. The precipitation and transformation of secondary minerals regulate feldspar dissolution under near-equilibrium conditions by altering ion concentrations in the solution. The pH of the solution also plays a significant role in controlling feldspar dissolution under near-equilibrium conditions. This study establishes a method for quantitatively analyzing mineral dissolution using the surface morphological features of dissolved and undissolved segments of polished feldspar samples. This method avoids relying on changes in ion concentrations in the reaction solution, making it more reasonable and widely applicable. Moreover, the results provide valuable insights into feldspar dissolution kinetics under burial conditions within closed systems, enabling a more accurate assessment of the contribution of feldspar dissolution to pore formation in reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1007/s11430-024-1608-7
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 20
        StartPage: 2558
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Feldspar
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Albite
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Chemical dissolution kinetics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Quasi-equilibrium
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Porosity
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Hydrocarbon reservoirs
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Feldspar dissolution rates and controlling factors under near-equilibrium conditions in subsurface settings.
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            NameFull: Xu, Jinhao
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            NameFull: Cao, Yingchang
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              M: 08
              Text: Aug2025
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              Y: 2025
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