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Optimized silicon nitride-spaced graphene electro-optic modulator with high efficiency and bandwidth.

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Title: Optimized silicon nitride-spaced graphene electro-optic modulator with high efficiency and bandwidth.
Authors: Raju, Ashraful Islam1 (AUTHOR) raju@ihp-microelectronics.com, Dubey, Pawan Kumar1 (AUTHOR), Lukose, Rasuole1 (AUTHOR), Wenger, Christian1,2 (AUTHOR), Mai, Andreas1,3 (AUTHOR), Lukosius, Mindaugas1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Optical & Quantum Electronics. Jul2025, Vol. 57 Issue 7, p1-15. 15p.
Subjects: Optical modulators, Graphene, Dielectric films, Silicon nitride, Optical communications, Optical modulation, Bandwidths
Abstract: Optical modulators with high modulation efficiency, large operational bandwidth, high-speed and low energy consumption is essential for the advancement of on-chip optical signal processing. To overcome the bandwidth-efficiency trade-off in graphene optical modulators, a buried silicon nitride waveguide-coupled double-layer graphene electro-absorption (EA) optical modulator has been proposed. In the proposed design, silicon nitride layer is also embedded between the two graphene layers as a dielectric spacer to enhance the graphene-light interaction. An extensive simulation has been performed to optimize the dielectric spacing layers between the two graphene for optimal device performance including the waveguide dimensions and optical modes profile. The simulated results show a high modulation efficiency of 1.1 dB/V and a modulation depth of 0.16 dB/µm, corresponding to a 15-dB extinction ratio for a 100 µm device at 1550 nm, with a 30 nm spacer and 12 V driving voltage. The proposed modulator achieves a 14 GHz bandwidth and operates over a 1050 nm broadband operation spectral range. The concurrent presence of high modulation bandwidth and efficiency renders these modulator designs highly viable for on-chip optical communication applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Optical & Quantum Electronics is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Optimized silicon nitride-spaced graphene electro-optic modulator with high efficiency and bandwidth.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Optical+%26+Quantum+Electronics%22">Optical & Quantum Electronics</searchLink>. Jul2025, Vol. 57 Issue 7, p1-15. 15p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Optical+modulators%22">Optical modulators</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Graphene%22">Graphene</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Dielectric+films%22">Dielectric films</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Silicon+nitride%22">Silicon nitride</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Optical+communications%22">Optical communications</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Optical+modulation%22">Optical modulation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Bandwidths%22">Bandwidths</searchLink>
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  Data: Optical modulators with high modulation efficiency, large operational bandwidth, high-speed and low energy consumption is essential for the advancement of on-chip optical signal processing. To overcome the bandwidth-efficiency trade-off in graphene optical modulators, a buried silicon nitride waveguide-coupled double-layer graphene electro-absorption (EA) optical modulator has been proposed. In the proposed design, silicon nitride layer is also embedded between the two graphene layers as a dielectric spacer to enhance the graphene-light interaction. An extensive simulation has been performed to optimize the dielectric spacing layers between the two graphene for optimal device performance including the waveguide dimensions and optical modes profile. The simulated results show a high modulation efficiency of 1.1 dB/V and a modulation depth of 0.16 dB/µm, corresponding to a 15-dB extinction ratio for a 100 µm device at 1550 nm, with a 30 nm spacer and 12 V driving voltage. The proposed modulator achieves a 14 GHz bandwidth and operates over a 1050 nm broadband operation spectral range. The concurrent presence of high modulation bandwidth and efficiency renders these modulator designs highly viable for on-chip optical communication applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Optical & Quantum Electronics is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1007/s11082-025-08310-0
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        Text: English
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        Type: general
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      – SubjectFull: Dielectric films
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      – SubjectFull: Optical modulation
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      – SubjectFull: Bandwidths
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      – TitleFull: Optimized silicon nitride-spaced graphene electro-optic modulator with high efficiency and bandwidth.
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              M: 07
              Text: Jul2025
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