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Natural selection at multiple scales.

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Title: Natural selection at multiple scales.
Authors: Frank, Steven A1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Evolution. Jul2025, Vol. 79 Issue 7, p1166-1184. 19p.
Subjects: Natural selection, Kin selection (Evolution), Spatial analysis (Statistics), Biological fitness, Evolutionary models
Abstract: Natural selection acts on traits at different scales, often with opposing consequences. This article identifies the particular forces that act at each scale and how those forces combine to determine the overall evolutionary outcome. A series of extended models derive from the tragedy of the commons, illustrating opposing forces at different scales. Examples include the primary tension between conflict and cooperation and the evolution of virulence, sex ratios, dispersal, and evolvability. The unified analysis subsumes interactions within and between species by generalizing multitrait interactions. Expanded notions of recombination and cotransmission arise. The core theoretical approach isolates the fundamental forces of selection, including marginal valuation, correlation between interacting entities, and reproductive value. Those fundamental forces act as partial causes that combine at different temporal and spatial scales. Modeling focuses on statics, in the sense of how different forces at various scales tend to oppose each other, ultimately combining to shape traits. That type of static analysis emphasizes explanation rather than the calculation of dynamics. The article builds on the duality between explanation versus calculation in terms of statics versus dynamics. The literature often poses that duality as a controversy, whereas this article develops the pair as complementary tools that together provide deeper understanding. Along the way, the unified approach clarifies the subtle distinctions between kin selection, multilevel selection, and inclusive fitness, subsuming these topics into the broader perspectives of fundamental forces and multiple scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Evolution is the property of Oxford University Press / USA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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  Data: Natural selection at multiple scales.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Frank%2C+Steven+A%22">Frank, Steven A</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Evolution%22">Evolution</searchLink>. Jul2025, Vol. 79 Issue 7, p1166-1184. 19p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Natural+selection%22">Natural selection</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Kin+selection+%28Evolution%29%22">Kin selection (Evolution)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Spatial+analysis+%28Statistics%29%22">Spatial analysis (Statistics)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Biological+fitness%22">Biological fitness</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Evolutionary+models%22">Evolutionary models</searchLink>
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Natural selection acts on traits at different scales, often with opposing consequences. This article identifies the particular forces that act at each scale and how those forces combine to determine the overall evolutionary outcome. A series of extended models derive from the tragedy of the commons, illustrating opposing forces at different scales. Examples include the primary tension between conflict and cooperation and the evolution of virulence, sex ratios, dispersal, and evolvability. The unified analysis subsumes interactions within and between species by generalizing multitrait interactions. Expanded notions of recombination and cotransmission arise. The core theoretical approach isolates the fundamental forces of selection, including marginal valuation, correlation between interacting entities, and reproductive value. Those fundamental forces act as partial causes that combine at different temporal and spatial scales. Modeling focuses on statics, in the sense of how different forces at various scales tend to oppose each other, ultimately combining to shape traits. That type of static analysis emphasizes explanation rather than the calculation of dynamics. The article builds on the duality between explanation versus calculation in terms of statics versus dynamics. The literature often poses that duality as a controversy, whereas this article develops the pair as complementary tools that together provide deeper understanding. Along the way, the unified approach clarifies the subtle distinctions between kin selection, multilevel selection, and inclusive fitness, subsuming these topics into the broader perspectives of fundamental forces and multiple scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Evolution is the property of Oxford University Press / USA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1093/evolut/qpaf037
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 19
        StartPage: 1166
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Natural selection
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Kin selection (Evolution)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Spatial analysis (Statistics)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Biological fitness
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Evolutionary models
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Natural selection at multiple scales.
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            – D: 01
              M: 07
              Text: Jul2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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              Value: 79
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              Value: 7
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            – TitleFull: Evolution
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