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Recycling Continuous Glass Fibre-Reinforced Polyamide 6 Laminates via Compression Moulding.

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Title: Recycling Continuous Glass Fibre-Reinforced Polyamide 6 Laminates via Compression Moulding.
Authors: Shembekar, Aditya Prakash1 (AUTHOR), Yu, Jason2 (AUTHOR), Zhang, Mingfu1,2 (AUTHOR), Griffin, Chris2 (AUTHOR), Ray, Dipa1 (AUTHOR) dipa.roy@ed.ac.uk
Source: Polymers (20734360). Aug2025, Vol. 17 Issue 15, p2160. 20p.
Subjects: Compression molding, Thermomechanical treatment, Waste recycling, Polyamides, Flexural strength, Mechanical behavior of materials, Glass fibers
Abstract: End-of-life (EoL) continuous glass fibre-reinforced polyamide 6 composites (cGF/PA6) are commonly recycled by shredding and milling, followed by injection moulding, often resulting in lower mechanical properties of second-generation products, primarily due to fibre length reduction. This study investigates the thermomechanical reprocessing of cGF/PA6 laminates via compression moulding, aiming to retain maximum mechanical performance by preserving the fibre length. Two types of 2/2 twill glass fibre-reinforced anionically polymerised polyamide 6 laminates (cGF/APA6), with either a reactive sizing agent (RS) or a non-reactive sizing agent (nRS), were reprocessed at two different temperatures, i.e., at 180 °C (between the glass transition temperature (Tg) and the melting temperature (Tm) of PA6) and 230 °C (above the melting temperature (Tm) of PA6). The influence of reprocessing on matrix crystallinity, thermomechanical properties, microstructure, and flexural performance was investigated. The results revealed that reprocessing at both temperatures led to an improvement in matrix crystallinity, retention of the desirable α-crystalline phases, and an elevated Tg (glass transition temperature) in both reprocessed laminates. Additionally, reprocessing at 180 °C maintained the flexural performance in both, whereas reprocessing at 230 °C led to nearly 20% improvement in flexural strength for the RS laminate. The microstructural analysis of the failed flexural specimens showed matrix-coated fibre surfaces, highlighting retained fibre–matrix adhesion. Overall, the results offer insights into the potential of compression moulding as a viable alternative for recycling cGF/APA6 laminates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Recycling Continuous Glass Fibre-Reinforced Polyamide 6 Laminates via Compression Moulding.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Polymers+%2820734360%29%22">Polymers (20734360)</searchLink>. Aug2025, Vol. 17 Issue 15, p2160. 20p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Compression+molding%22">Compression molding</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thermomechanical+treatment%22">Thermomechanical treatment</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Waste+recycling%22">Waste recycling</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Polyamides%22">Polyamides</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Flexural+strength%22">Flexural strength</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mechanical+behavior+of+materials%22">Mechanical behavior of materials</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Glass+fibers%22">Glass fibers</searchLink>
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: End-of-life (EoL) continuous glass fibre-reinforced polyamide 6 composites (cGF/PA6) are commonly recycled by shredding and milling, followed by injection moulding, often resulting in lower mechanical properties of second-generation products, primarily due to fibre length reduction. This study investigates the thermomechanical reprocessing of cGF/PA6 laminates via compression moulding, aiming to retain maximum mechanical performance by preserving the fibre length. Two types of 2/2 twill glass fibre-reinforced anionically polymerised polyamide 6 laminates (cGF/APA6), with either a reactive sizing agent (RS) or a non-reactive sizing agent (nRS), were reprocessed at two different temperatures, i.e., at 180 °C (between the glass transition temperature (Tg) and the melting temperature (Tm) of PA6) and 230 °C (above the melting temperature (Tm) of PA6). The influence of reprocessing on matrix crystallinity, thermomechanical properties, microstructure, and flexural performance was investigated. The results revealed that reprocessing at both temperatures led to an improvement in matrix crystallinity, retention of the desirable α-crystalline phases, and an elevated Tg (glass transition temperature) in both reprocessed laminates. Additionally, reprocessing at 180 °C maintained the flexural performance in both, whereas reprocessing at 230 °C led to nearly 20% improvement in flexural strength for the RS laminate. The microstructural analysis of the failed flexural specimens showed matrix-coated fibre surfaces, highlighting retained fibre–matrix adhesion. Overall, the results offer insights into the potential of compression moulding as a viable alternative for recycling cGF/APA6 laminates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/polym17152160
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        StartPage: 2160
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      – SubjectFull: Compression molding
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Thermomechanical treatment
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Waste recycling
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Polyamides
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Flexural strength
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mechanical behavior of materials
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Glass fibers
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Recycling Continuous Glass Fibre-Reinforced Polyamide 6 Laminates via Compression Moulding.
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            NameFull: Shembekar, Aditya Prakash
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            – D: 01
              M: 08
              Text: Aug2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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