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Mooring Observations of Typhoon Trami (2024)-Induced Upper-Ocean Variability: Diapycnal Mixing and Internal Wave Energy Characteristics.

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Title: Mooring Observations of Typhoon Trami (2024)-Induced Upper-Ocean Variability: Diapycnal Mixing and Internal Wave Energy Characteristics.
Authors: Chen, Letian1 (AUTHOR), Zhang, Xiaojiang1 (AUTHOR), Zhang, Ze (AUTHOR) zhangze@nudt.edu.cn, Zhang, Weimin1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Remote Sensing. Aug2025, Vol. 17 Issue 15, p2604. 22p.
Subjects: Internal waves, Vertical mixing (Earth sciences), Oceanographic research stations, Ocean dynamics, Friction velocity, Ocean energy resources, Typhoons
Abstract: High-resolution mooring observations captured diverse upper-ocean responses during typhoon passage, showing strong agreement with satellite-derived sea surface temperature and salinity. Analysis indicates that significant wind-induced mixing drove pronounced near-surface cooling and salinity increases at the mooring site. This mixing enhancement was predominantly governed by rapid intensification of near-inertial shear in the surface layer, revealed by mooring observations. Unlike shear instability, near-inertial horizontal kinetic energy displays a unique vertical distribution, decreasing with depth before rising again. Interestingly, the subsurface peak in diurnal tidal energy coincides vertically with the minimum in near-inertial energy. While both barotropic tidal forcing and stratification changes negligibly influence diurnal tidal energy emergence, significant energy transfer occurs from near-inertial internal waves to the diurnal tide. This finding highlights a critical tide–wave interaction process and demonstrates energy cascading within the oceanic internal wave spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Remote Sensing is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Mooring Observations of Typhoon Trami (2024)-Induced Upper-Ocean Variability: Diapycnal Mixing and Internal Wave Energy Characteristics.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Chen%2C+Letian%22">Chen, Letian</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+Xiaojiang%22">Zhang, Xiaojiang</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+Ze%22">Zhang, Ze</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<i> zhangze@nudt.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+Weimin%22">Zhang, Weimin</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Remote+Sensing%22">Remote Sensing</searchLink>. Aug2025, Vol. 17 Issue 15, p2604. 22p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Internal+waves%22">Internal waves</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Vertical+mixing+%28Earth+sciences%29%22">Vertical mixing (Earth sciences)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Oceanographic+research+stations%22">Oceanographic research stations</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ocean+dynamics%22">Ocean dynamics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Friction+velocity%22">Friction velocity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ocean+energy+resources%22">Ocean energy resources</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Typhoons%22">Typhoons</searchLink>
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  Data: High-resolution mooring observations captured diverse upper-ocean responses during typhoon passage, showing strong agreement with satellite-derived sea surface temperature and salinity. Analysis indicates that significant wind-induced mixing drove pronounced near-surface cooling and salinity increases at the mooring site. This mixing enhancement was predominantly governed by rapid intensification of near-inertial shear in the surface layer, revealed by mooring observations. Unlike shear instability, near-inertial horizontal kinetic energy displays a unique vertical distribution, decreasing with depth before rising again. Interestingly, the subsurface peak in diurnal tidal energy coincides vertically with the minimum in near-inertial energy. While both barotropic tidal forcing and stratification changes negligibly influence diurnal tidal energy emergence, significant energy transfer occurs from near-inertial internal waves to the diurnal tide. This finding highlights a critical tide–wave interaction process and demonstrates energy cascading within the oceanic internal wave spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Remote Sensing is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/rs17152604
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 22
        StartPage: 2604
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        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Vertical mixing (Earth sciences)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Oceanographic research stations
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ocean dynamics
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      – SubjectFull: Friction velocity
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      – SubjectFull: Ocean energy resources
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      – SubjectFull: Typhoons
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      – TitleFull: Mooring Observations of Typhoon Trami (2024)-Induced Upper-Ocean Variability: Diapycnal Mixing and Internal Wave Energy Characteristics.
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            NameFull: Zhang, Xiaojiang
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              M: 08
              Text: Aug2025
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