View in EDS HTML Full Text PDF Full Text

Optimizing Graphene Ring Modulators: A Comparative Study of Straight, Bent, and Racetrack Geometries.

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Title: Optimizing Graphene Ring Modulators: A Comparative Study of Straight, Bent, and Racetrack Geometries.
Authors: Dubey, Pawan Kumar1 (AUTHOR), Raju, Ashraful Islam1,2 (AUTHOR), Lukose, Rasuole1 (AUTHOR), Wenger, Christian1,2 (AUTHOR), Lukosius, Mindaugas1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Nanomaterials (2079-4991). Aug2025, Vol. 15 Issue 15, p1158. 17p.
Subjects: Graphene, Optical interconnects, Optical modulators, Photonics, Optical modulation, Waveguides
Abstract: Graphene-based micro-ring modulators are promising candidates for next-generation optical interconnects, offering compact footprints, broadband operation, and CMOS compatibility. However, most demonstrations to date have relied on conventional straight bus coupling geometries, which limit design flexibility and require extremely small coupling gaps to reach critical coupling. This work presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of straight, bent, and racetrack bus geometries in graphene-on-silicon nitride (Si3N4) micro-ring modulators operating near 1.31 µm. Based on finite-difference time-domain simulation results, a proposed racetrack-based modulator structure demonstrates that extending the coupling region enables critical coupling at larger gaps—up to 300 nm—while preserving high modulation efficiency. With only 6–12% graphene coverage, this geometry achieves extinction ratios of up to 28 dB and supports electrical bandwidths approaching 90 GHz. Findings from this work highlight a new co-design framework for coupling geometry and graphene coverage, offering a pathway to high-speed and high-modulation-depth graphene photonic modulators suitable for scalable integration in next-generation photonic interconnects devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Nanomaterials (2079-4991) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
Full text is not displayed to guests.
FullText Links:
  – Type: pdflink
Text:
  Availability: 1
Header DbId: egs
DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 187316568
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
IllustrationInfo
Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Optimizing Graphene Ring Modulators: A Comparative Study of Straight, Bent, and Racetrack Geometries.
– Name: Author
  Label: Authors
  Group: Au
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Dubey%2C+Pawan+Kumar%22">Dubey, Pawan Kumar</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Raju%2C+Ashraful+Islam%22">Raju, Ashraful Islam</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lukose%2C+Rasuole%22">Lukose, Rasuole</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wenger%2C+Christian%22">Wenger, Christian</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lukosius%2C+Mindaugas%22">Lukosius, Mindaugas</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
– Name: TitleSource
  Label: Source
  Group: Src
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Nanomaterials+%282079-4991%29%22">Nanomaterials (2079-4991)</searchLink>. Aug2025, Vol. 15 Issue 15, p1158. 17p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subjects
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Graphene%22">Graphene</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Optical+interconnects%22">Optical interconnects</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Optical+modulators%22">Optical modulators</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Photonics%22">Photonics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Optical+modulation%22">Optical modulation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Waveguides%22">Waveguides</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Graphene-based micro-ring modulators are promising candidates for next-generation optical interconnects, offering compact footprints, broadband operation, and CMOS compatibility. However, most demonstrations to date have relied on conventional straight bus coupling geometries, which limit design flexibility and require extremely small coupling gaps to reach critical coupling. This work presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of straight, bent, and racetrack bus geometries in graphene-on-silicon nitride (Si3N4) micro-ring modulators operating near 1.31 µm. Based on finite-difference time-domain simulation results, a proposed racetrack-based modulator structure demonstrates that extending the coupling region enables critical coupling at larger gaps—up to 300 nm—while preserving high modulation efficiency. With only 6–12% graphene coverage, this geometry achieves extinction ratios of up to 28 dB and supports electrical bandwidths approaching 90 GHz. Findings from this work highlight a new co-design framework for coupling geometry and graphene coverage, offering a pathway to high-speed and high-modulation-depth graphene photonic modulators suitable for scalable integration in next-generation photonic interconnects devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Nanomaterials (2079-4991) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=egs&AN=187316568
RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/nano15151158
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 17
        StartPage: 1158
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Graphene
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Optical interconnects
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Optical modulators
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Photonics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Optical modulation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Waveguides
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Optimizing Graphene Ring Modulators: A Comparative Study of Straight, Bent, and Racetrack Geometries.
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
    HasContributorRelationships:
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Dubey, Pawan Kumar
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Raju, Ashraful Islam
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Lukose, Rasuole
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Wenger, Christian
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Lukosius, Mindaugas
    IsPartOfRelationships:
      – BibEntity:
          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 08
              Text: Aug2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-print
              Value: 20794991
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 15
            – Type: issue
              Value: 15
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Nanomaterials (2079-4991)
              Type: main
ResultId 1