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Impact of Grinding Depth on Dislocation Structures and Surface Hardening in C45 Steel.

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Title: Impact of Grinding Depth on Dislocation Structures and Surface Hardening in C45 Steel.
Authors: Stanisławska, Alicja1 (AUTHOR) dorota.moszczynska@pw.edu.pl, Moszczyńska, Dorota2 (AUTHOR), Mizera, Jarosław2,3 (AUTHOR), Cavaliere, Pasquale1,3 (AUTHOR), Szkodo, Marek1,2 (AUTHOR) mszkodo@pg.edu.pl
Source: Materials (1996-1944). Aug2025, Vol. 18 Issue 16, p3870. 22p.
Subjects: Surface hardening, Dislocation structure, Strain hardening, Size reduction of materials, X-ray diffraction, Mechanical behavior of materials, Nanoindentation, Carbon steel
Abstract: This study investigates the strain hardening and dislocation structure in the surface layers of C45 steel subjected to precision grinding at various depths. The aim was to assess how different grinding conditions influence the mechanical response and defect structure of ferrite. Nanoindentation was used to evaluate mechanical properties, while X-ray diffraction analysis provided data on the microstrain, crystallite size, and residual stress. The character and density of dislocations were further examined using modified Williamson–Hall and q-parameter analysis. The results revealed that the sample ground to a depth of 2 μm exhibited the highest density of statistically stored dislocations, as well as the lowest dislocation mobility. This condition also corresponded to the highest residual stresses and the greatest share of screw dislocations, indicating intense strain localization. In contrast, deeper grinding depths resulted in lower dislocation densities and reduced the strain energy. The observed trends highlight the formation of a dislocation-rich nanostructured layer in the shallowest ground region. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of surface hardening in ferritic steels and demonstrate how the depth of material removal during grinding governs the subsurface microstructure and strengthening effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Impact of Grinding Depth on Dislocation Structures and Surface Hardening in C45 Steel.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Stanisławska%2C+Alicja%22">Stanisławska, Alicja</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> dorota.moszczynska@pw.edu.pl</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Moszczyńska%2C+Dorota%22">Moszczyńska, Dorota</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mizera%2C+Jarosław%22">Mizera, Jarosław</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Cavaliere%2C+Pasquale%22">Cavaliere, Pasquale</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Szkodo%2C+Marek%22">Szkodo, Marek</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> mszkodo@pg.edu.pl</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Materials+%281996-1944%29%22">Materials (1996-1944)</searchLink>. Aug2025, Vol. 18 Issue 16, p3870. 22p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Surface+hardening%22">Surface hardening</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Dislocation+structure%22">Dislocation structure</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Strain+hardening%22">Strain hardening</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Size+reduction+of+materials%22">Size reduction of materials</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22X-ray+diffraction%22">X-ray diffraction</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mechanical+behavior+of+materials%22">Mechanical behavior of materials</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Nanoindentation%22">Nanoindentation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Carbon+steel%22">Carbon steel</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: This study investigates the strain hardening and dislocation structure in the surface layers of C45 steel subjected to precision grinding at various depths. The aim was to assess how different grinding conditions influence the mechanical response and defect structure of ferrite. Nanoindentation was used to evaluate mechanical properties, while X-ray diffraction analysis provided data on the microstrain, crystallite size, and residual stress. The character and density of dislocations were further examined using modified Williamson–Hall and q-parameter analysis. The results revealed that the sample ground to a depth of 2 μm exhibited the highest density of statistically stored dislocations, as well as the lowest dislocation mobility. This condition also corresponded to the highest residual stresses and the greatest share of screw dislocations, indicating intense strain localization. In contrast, deeper grinding depths resulted in lower dislocation densities and reduced the strain energy. The observed trends highlight the formation of a dislocation-rich nanostructured layer in the shallowest ground region. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of surface hardening in ferritic steels and demonstrate how the depth of material removal during grinding governs the subsurface microstructure and strengthening effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/ma18163870
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 22
        StartPage: 3870
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Surface hardening
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Dislocation structure
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Strain hardening
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Size reduction of materials
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: X-ray diffraction
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mechanical behavior of materials
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Nanoindentation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Carbon steel
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Impact of Grinding Depth on Dislocation Structures and Surface Hardening in C45 Steel.
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            NameFull: Stanisławska, Alicja
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            NameFull: Moszczyńska, Dorota
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            NameFull: Mizera, Jarosław
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            NameFull: Cavaliere, Pasquale
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            NameFull: Szkodo, Marek
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              M: 08
              Text: Aug2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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              Value: 18
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