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Functional Coating Effects of Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) on Artificial Caries Lesions: A Microhardness-Based Evaluation.

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Title: Functional Coating Effects of Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) on Artificial Caries Lesions: A Microhardness-Based Evaluation.
Authors: Alshamrani, Mohammed H.1 (AUTHOR), Alajlan, Reem A.1,2 (AUTHOR), Alsaadi, Waad E.1,3 (AUTHOR), Alabdulmohsen, Amjad M.1 (AUTHOR), Abuthnain, Munira2 (AUTHOR), Mourão, Carlos Fernando3 (AUTHOR), Lowenstein, Adam3 (AUTHOR) adam.lowenstein@tufts.edu
Source: Materials (1996-1944). Aug2025, Vol. 18 Issue 16, p3889. 12p.
Subjects: Dental caries, Microhardness testing, Deciduous teeth, Dental enamel, Biomineralization, Dental care, Fluoride varnishes
Abstract: Background: Dental caries is a prevalent dental problem affecting primary and permanent teeth. Early demineralization of enamel lesions can be reversed through remineralization. Many studies have focused on caries prevention and disease progression arrest using silver diamine fluoride (SDF). No in vitro studies have compared the remineralization effects of different 38% SDF solutions on artificially demineralized enamel lesions. This study aimed to compare the remineralization potential of three commercial 38% silver diamine fluoride formulations on artificial enamel lesions in primary teeth using a pH cycling model. The hypothesis was as follows: different commercial SDF formulations would exhibit varying remineralization effects, as measured by surface microhardness, due to potential differences in their compositions. Materials and Methods: In this study, 75 primary molars were randomized into five groups (N = 15): I: baseline, II: SDF Riva Star Aqua® 38%, III: Riva Star® 38%, IV: SDF Advantage Arrest® 38%, and V: control. Artificial caries were created by submerging teeth in 10 mL of demineralization solution (pH 4.5) for three days in a light-resistant container, ensuring distinct visual changes in the enamel as per the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS level 2). After pH cycling, all samples underwent a standardized Vickers microhardness test (VMHT) with a 50 g load for 15 s. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test, with a significance level set at p ≤ 0.05. Results: The one-way ANOVA test indicated a significant difference in microhardness among the groups (SDF Riva Star Aqua, SDF Riva Star, and SDF Advantage Arrest), with an F-value of 167.73 and p < 0.001. The post hoc Scheffé test showed that SDF Riva Star Aqua and SDF Riva Star were not significantly different (p = 0.388). However, SDF Advantage Arrest had a significantly higher mean microhardness compared to both groups (p < 0.001). Overall, these results show that SDF Advantage Arrest leads to greater microhardness than SDF Riva Star Aqua or SDF Riva Star. Conclusions: SDF Advantage Arrest showed superior performance among the SDF-treated groups, significantly increasing microhardness compared to SDF Riva Star Aqua and SDF Riva Star. This suggests that SDF Advantage Arrest offers enhanced remineralization and structural strengthening, making it the most effective option for managing demineralized primary teeth. Future research should investigate the long-term performance and mechanisms of these treatments to optimize clinical protocols for preserving primary tooth integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Functional Coating Effects of Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) on Artificial Caries Lesions: A Microhardness-Based Evaluation.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Alshamrani%2C+Mohammed+H%2E%22&quot;&gt;Alshamrani, Mohammed H.&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Alajlan%2C+Reem+A%2E%22&quot;&gt;Alajlan, Reem A.&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1,2&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Alsaadi%2C+Waad+E%2E%22&quot;&gt;Alsaadi, Waad E.&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1,3&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Alabdulmohsen%2C+Amjad+M%2E%22&quot;&gt;Alabdulmohsen, Amjad M.&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Abuthnain%2C+Munira%22&quot;&gt;Abuthnain, Munira&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;2&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Mour&#227;o%2C+Carlos+Fernando%22&quot;&gt;Mour&#227;o, Carlos Fernando&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;3&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Lowenstein%2C+Adam%22&quot;&gt;Lowenstein, Adam&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;3&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;i&gt; adam.lowenstein@tufts.edu&lt;/i&gt;
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;JN&quot; term=&quot;%22Materials+%281996-1944%29%22&quot;&gt;Materials (1996-1944)&lt;/searchLink&gt;. Aug2025, Vol. 18 Issue 16, p3889. 12p.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Dental+caries%22&quot;&gt;Dental caries&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Microhardness+testing%22&quot;&gt;Microhardness testing&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Deciduous+teeth%22&quot;&gt;Deciduous teeth&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Dental+enamel%22&quot;&gt;Dental enamel&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Biomineralization%22&quot;&gt;Biomineralization&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Dental+care%22&quot;&gt;Dental care&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Fluoride+varnishes%22&quot;&gt;Fluoride varnishes&lt;/searchLink&gt;
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Background: Dental caries is a prevalent dental problem affecting primary and permanent teeth. Early demineralization of enamel lesions can be reversed through remineralization. Many studies have focused on caries prevention and disease progression arrest using silver diamine fluoride (SDF). No in vitro studies have compared the remineralization effects of different 38% SDF solutions on artificially demineralized enamel lesions. This study aimed to compare the remineralization potential of three commercial 38% silver diamine fluoride formulations on artificial enamel lesions in primary teeth using a pH cycling model. The hypothesis was as follows: different commercial SDF formulations would exhibit varying remineralization effects, as measured by surface microhardness, due to potential differences in their compositions. Materials and Methods: In this study, 75 primary molars were randomized into five groups (N = 15): I: baseline, II: SDF Riva Star Aqua&#174; 38%, III: Riva Star&#174; 38%, IV: SDF Advantage Arrest&#174; 38%, and V: control. Artificial caries were created by submerging teeth in 10 mL of demineralization solution (pH 4.5) for three days in a light-resistant container, ensuring distinct visual changes in the enamel as per the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS level 2). After pH cycling, all samples underwent a standardized Vickers microhardness test (VMHT) with a 50 g load for 15 s. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey&#39;s post hoc test, with a significance level set at p ≤ 0.05. Results: The one-way ANOVA test indicated a significant difference in microhardness among the groups (SDF Riva Star Aqua, SDF Riva Star, and SDF Advantage Arrest), with an F-value of 167.73 and p &lt; 0.001. The post hoc Scheff&#233; test showed that SDF Riva Star Aqua and SDF Riva Star were not significantly different (p = 0.388). However, SDF Advantage Arrest had a significantly higher mean microhardness compared to both groups (p &lt; 0.001). Overall, these results show that SDF Advantage Arrest leads to greater microhardness than SDF Riva Star Aqua or SDF Riva Star. Conclusions: SDF Advantage Arrest showed superior performance among the SDF-treated groups, significantly increasing microhardness compared to SDF Riva Star Aqua and SDF Riva Star. This suggests that SDF Advantage Arrest offers enhanced remineralization and structural strengthening, making it the most effective option for managing demineralized primary teeth. Future research should investigate the long-term performance and mechanisms of these treatments to optimize clinical protocols for preserving primary tooth integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: &lt;i&gt;Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder&#39;s express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.&lt;/i&gt; (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/ma18163889
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        Text: English
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    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Dental caries
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Microhardness testing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Deciduous teeth
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Dental enamel
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      – SubjectFull: Biomineralization
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      – SubjectFull: Fluoride varnishes
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      – TitleFull: Functional Coating Effects of Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) on Artificial Caries Lesions: A Microhardness-Based Evaluation.
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              Text: Aug2025
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