Ocean surface waves impact on global air-sea CO2 flux.
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| Title: | Ocean surface waves impact on global air-sea CO2 flux. |
|---|---|
| Authors: | Wu, Lichuan1 (AUTHOR) lichuan.wu@geo.uu.se, Cai, Yongqing2 (AUTHOR), Rutgersson, Anna1 (AUTHOR) |
| Source: | Biogeochemistry. Oct2025, Vol. 168 Issue 5, p1-18. 18p. |
| Subjects: | Ocean waves, Wave-current interaction, Seasonal physiological variations, Carbon cycle, Atmospheric carbon dioxide, Ocean-atmosphere interaction, Biogeochemistry |
| Abstract: | Ocean surface gravity waves facilitate gas exchanges primarily in two ways: (1) the formation of bubbles during wave breaking increases the surface area available for gas exchange, promoting CO 2 transfer, and (2) wave-current interaction processes alter the sea surface partial pressure of CO 2 and gas solubility, consequently affecting the CO 2 flux. This study tests these influences using a global ocean-ice-biogeochemistry model under preindustrial conditions. The simulation results indicate that both wave–current interaction processes and the sea-state-dependent gas transfer scheme–which explicitly accounts for bubble-mediated gas transfer velocity–influence the air–sea CO 2 flux, with substantial spatial and seasonal variations. In the equatorial region (10 ∘ S–10 ∘ N), both processes enhance the CO 2 outgassing flux, with comparable magnitudes (more than 10% on average). However, in the region between approximately 10 ∘ and 35 ∘ , the impact of ocean surface waves on the air-sea CO 2 flux via the sea-state-dependent gas transfer velocity is greater than that of the wave-current interaction processes, with opposing directions of influence. During winter, the sea-state-dependent gas transfer velocity enhances the CO 2 uptake flux, while in the summer season, it increases the CO 2 outgassing flux. In regions poleward of 35 ∘ , the impact of wave–current interaction processes on CO 2 exchange dominates over that of the sea-state-dependent gas transfer velocity. It is worth noting that the impact of wave-current interaction processes on air-sea CO 2 flux is primarily driven by changes in the ratio between the concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon and total alkalinity, with variations in sea surface temperature exerting an opposite influence on pCO 2 , albeit with a smaller magnitude. Overall, wave-related processes should be considered in Earth System Models to better model the carbon cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Copyright of Biogeochemistry is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) | |
| Database: | Engineering Source |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Ocean surface waves impact on global air-sea CO2 flux. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wu%2C+Lichuan%22">Wu, Lichuan</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> lichuan.wu@geo.uu.se</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Cai%2C+Yongqing%22">Cai, Yongqing</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rutgersson%2C+Anna%22">Rutgersson, Anna</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR) – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Biogeochemistry%22">Biogeochemistry</searchLink>. Oct2025, Vol. 168 Issue 5, p1-18. 18p. – Name: Subject Label: Subjects Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ocean+waves%22">Ocean waves</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Wave-current+interaction%22">Wave-current interaction</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Seasonal+physiological+variations%22">Seasonal physiological variations</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Carbon+cycle%22">Carbon cycle</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Atmospheric+carbon+dioxide%22">Atmospheric carbon dioxide</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ocean-atmosphere+interaction%22">Ocean-atmosphere interaction</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Biogeochemistry%22">Biogeochemistry</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: Ocean surface gravity waves facilitate gas exchanges primarily in two ways: (1) the formation of bubbles during wave breaking increases the surface area available for gas exchange, promoting CO 2 transfer, and (2) wave-current interaction processes alter the sea surface partial pressure of CO 2 and gas solubility, consequently affecting the CO 2 flux. This study tests these influences using a global ocean-ice-biogeochemistry model under preindustrial conditions. The simulation results indicate that both wave–current interaction processes and the sea-state-dependent gas transfer scheme–which explicitly accounts for bubble-mediated gas transfer velocity–influence the air–sea CO 2 flux, with substantial spatial and seasonal variations. In the equatorial region (10 ∘ S–10 ∘ N), both processes enhance the CO 2 outgassing flux, with comparable magnitudes (more than 10% on average). However, in the region between approximately 10 ∘ and 35 ∘ , the impact of ocean surface waves on the air-sea CO 2 flux via the sea-state-dependent gas transfer velocity is greater than that of the wave-current interaction processes, with opposing directions of influence. During winter, the sea-state-dependent gas transfer velocity enhances the CO 2 uptake flux, while in the summer season, it increases the CO 2 outgassing flux. In regions poleward of 35 ∘ , the impact of wave–current interaction processes on CO 2 exchange dominates over that of the sea-state-dependent gas transfer velocity. It is worth noting that the impact of wave-current interaction processes on air-sea CO 2 flux is primarily driven by changes in the ratio between the concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon and total alkalinity, with variations in sea surface temperature exerting an opposite influence on pCO 2 , albeit with a smaller magnitude. Overall, wave-related processes should be considered in Earth System Models to better model the carbon cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] – Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright Label: Group: Ab Data: <i>Copyright of Biogeochemistry is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.1007/s10533-025-01267-y Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 18 StartPage: 1 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Ocean waves Type: general – SubjectFull: Wave-current interaction Type: general – SubjectFull: Seasonal physiological variations Type: general – SubjectFull: Carbon cycle Type: general – SubjectFull: Atmospheric carbon dioxide Type: general – SubjectFull: Ocean-atmosphere interaction Type: general – SubjectFull: Biogeochemistry Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Ocean surface waves impact on global air-sea CO2 flux. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Wu, Lichuan – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Cai, Yongqing – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Rutgersson, Anna IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 10 Text: Oct2025 Type: published Y: 2025 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 01682563 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 168 – Type: issue Value: 5 Titles: – TitleFull: Biogeochemistry Type: main |
| ResultId | 1 |
