A thermoviscoelastic constitutive model for crosslinked semicrystalline two-way shape memory polymers.

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Title: A thermoviscoelastic constitutive model for crosslinked semicrystalline two-way shape memory polymers.
Authors: Tian, Jie1 (AUTHOR), Xie, Jianguo2 (AUTHOR), Shi, Jiawen1 (AUTHOR), Gu, Jianping3 (AUTHOR), Sun, Huiyu4 (AUTHOR) zenghao@njtech.edu.cn, Zeng, Hao1,2,4,5 (AUTHOR) zenghao@njtech.edu.cn
Source: International Journal of Smart & Nano Materials. Sep2025, Vol. 16 Issue 3, p667-694. 28p.
Subjects: Shape memory effect, Viscoelasticity, Crosslinked polymers, Phase transitions, Ethylene-vinyl acetate, Multiscale modeling
Abstract: The paper proposed a thermodynamically consistent 3D constitutive framework for crosslinked semi-crystalline polymers, explicitly addressing the interplay between crystallization/melting-induced phase transitions and viscoelasticity under complex thermomechanical cycles. By integrating a modified theory of multiple natural configurations with a revised time-temperature superposition principle (TTSP), the model captures both one-way and two-way shape memory effects (1W/2W-SMEs). An experimental campaign on crosslinked ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) with controlled crosslink densities combines multi-rate DSC analysis, frequency-sweep DMA, and coupled stress-strain-temperature protocols to quantify the dynamic evolution of crystallinity and viscoelastic moduli. Crucially, a modified WLF-Arrhenius hybrid equation is introduced to describe nonlinear stress relaxation mechanisms, validated through master curve construction from TTSP tests. The model successfully predicts recovery behaviors in free 1W-SMEs and stress-rate hysteresis in 2W-SMEs, demonstrating its capability to bridge molecular-scale phase transitions to macroscopic uniaxial responses. This work provides a unified tool for designing programmable soft actuators and smart devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of International Journal of Smart & Nano Materials is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: A thermoviscoelastic constitutive model for crosslinked semicrystalline two-way shape memory polymers.
– Name: Author
  Label: Authors
  Group: Au
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tian%2C+Jie%22">Tian, Jie</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Xie%2C+Jianguo%22">Xie, Jianguo</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Shi%2C+Jiawen%22">Shi, Jiawen</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gu%2C+Jianping%22">Gu, Jianping</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sun%2C+Huiyu%22">Sun, Huiyu</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> zenghao@njtech.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zeng%2C+Hao%22">Zeng, Hao</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,4,5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> zenghao@njtech.edu.cn</i>
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  Label: Source
  Group: Src
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22International+Journal+of+Smart+%26+Nano+Materials%22">International Journal of Smart & Nano Materials</searchLink>. Sep2025, Vol. 16 Issue 3, p667-694. 28p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subjects
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Shape+memory+effect%22">Shape memory effect</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Viscoelasticity%22">Viscoelasticity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Crosslinked+polymers%22">Crosslinked polymers</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Phase+transitions%22">Phase transitions</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ethylene-vinyl+acetate%22">Ethylene-vinyl acetate</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Multiscale+modeling%22">Multiscale modeling</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: The paper proposed a thermodynamically consistent 3D constitutive framework for crosslinked semi-crystalline polymers, explicitly addressing the interplay between crystallization/melting-induced phase transitions and viscoelasticity under complex thermomechanical cycles. By integrating a modified theory of multiple natural configurations with a revised time-temperature superposition principle (TTSP), the model captures both one-way and two-way shape memory effects (1W/2W-SMEs). An experimental campaign on crosslinked ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) with controlled crosslink densities combines multi-rate DSC analysis, frequency-sweep DMA, and coupled stress-strain-temperature protocols to quantify the dynamic evolution of crystallinity and viscoelastic moduli. Crucially, a modified WLF-Arrhenius hybrid equation is introduced to describe nonlinear stress relaxation mechanisms, validated through master curve construction from TTSP tests. The model successfully predicts recovery behaviors in free 1W-SMEs and stress-rate hysteresis in 2W-SMEs, demonstrating its capability to bridge molecular-scale phase transitions to macroscopic uniaxial responses. This work provides a unified tool for designing programmable soft actuators and smart devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of International Journal of Smart & Nano Materials is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1080/19475411.2025.2540296
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 28
        StartPage: 667
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Shape memory effect
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Viscoelasticity
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Crosslinked polymers
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Phase transitions
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ethylene-vinyl acetate
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Multiscale modeling
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: A thermoviscoelastic constitutive model for crosslinked semicrystalline two-way shape memory polymers.
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            NameFull: Tian, Jie
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            NameFull: Xie, Jianguo
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            NameFull: Shi, Jiawen
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            NameFull: Gu, Jianping
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            NameFull: Sun, Huiyu
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            – D: 01
              M: 09
              Text: Sep2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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            – TitleFull: International Journal of Smart & Nano Materials
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