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Influence of natural rubber content on the electrochemical performance of sodium alginate/acrylamide/natural rubber hydrogel electrolyte supercapacitors.

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Title: Influence of natural rubber content on the electrochemical performance of sodium alginate/acrylamide/natural rubber hydrogel electrolyte supercapacitors.
Authors: Said, Muhammad Zulnasri Mohd1 (AUTHOR), Kamarulazam, Fathiah1 (AUTHOR), Farhana, N. K.1 (AUTHOR), Manogran, Pershaanaa1 (AUTHOR), Bashir, Shahid2 (AUTHOR), Ramesh, S.1,3 (AUTHOR) rameshtsubra@gmail.com, Ramesh, K.1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Journal of Materials Science. Sep2025, Vol. 60 Issue 34, p15172-15188. 17p.
Subjects: Rubber, Hydrogels, Sodium alginate, Energy storage, Electrochemical analysis, Acrylamide, Supercapacitors, Ionic conductivity
Abstract: Hydrogel electrolytes are under investigation and optimization to replicate the electrochemical performance of liquid electrolyte while maintaining the packaging adaptability and leakage-free properties. Natural rubber (NR) was utilized as a new host polymer for the formulation of hydrogel electrolytes. NR was copolymerized with acrylamide (AAM) and sodium alginate (SA) under the presence of N, N'-methylene bis acrylamide (MBA), ammonium peroxydisulfate, and lithium hydroxide. Three different amounts of NR were added into the mixture, forming three samples of hydrogel electrolyte which are SA/AAM/NR1 (5 vol% NR content), SA/AAM/NR2 (10 vol% NR content), and SA/AAM/NR3 (15 vol% NR content). Through X-Ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, it was proven that the prepared hydrogel electrolytes are amorphous and contain the functional groups found in SA, AAM, and NR. EIS suggested that SA/AAM/NR3 has the highest ionic conductivity of 9.424 mS/cm as well as the lowest activation energy of 0.1105 eV. Thus, SA/AAM/NR3 is used to assemble electric double layer capacitor using graphite foil coated with either porous carbon (PC/SA/AAM/NR3/PC) or activated carbon, respectively. CV and GCD studies show that PC/SA/AAM/NR3/PC demonstrated the best electrochemical properties with a specific capacitance of 33.64 F/g at 5 mV/s and 34.01 F/g at 100 mA/g. The maximum power density of PC/SA/AAM/NR3/PC is 866.79 W/kg with an energy density of 2.17 Wh/kg. PC/SA/AAM/NR3/PC also retains 81.26% of its capacitance after 1800 charge–discharge cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Materials Science is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 187703914
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Influence of natural rubber content on the electrochemical performance of sodium alginate/acrylamide/natural rubber hydrogel electrolyte supercapacitors.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Said%2C+Muhammad+Zulnasri+Mohd%22">Said, Muhammad Zulnasri Mohd</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kamarulazam%2C+Fathiah%22">Kamarulazam, Fathiah</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Farhana%2C+N%2E+K%2E%22">Farhana, N. K.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Manogran%2C+Pershaanaa%22">Manogran, Pershaanaa</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bashir%2C+Shahid%22">Bashir, Shahid</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ramesh%2C+S%2E%22">Ramesh, S.</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> rameshtsubra@gmail.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ramesh%2C+K%2E%22">Ramesh, K.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Materials+Science%22">Journal of Materials Science</searchLink>. Sep2025, Vol. 60 Issue 34, p15172-15188. 17p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Rubber%22">Rubber</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Hydrogels%22">Hydrogels</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sodium+alginate%22">Sodium alginate</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Energy+storage%22">Energy storage</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electrochemical+analysis%22">Electrochemical analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Acrylamide%22">Acrylamide</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Supercapacitors%22">Supercapacitors</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ionic+conductivity%22">Ionic conductivity</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Hydrogel electrolytes are under investigation and optimization to replicate the electrochemical performance of liquid electrolyte while maintaining the packaging adaptability and leakage-free properties. Natural rubber (NR) was utilized as a new host polymer for the formulation of hydrogel electrolytes. NR was copolymerized with acrylamide (AAM) and sodium alginate (SA) under the presence of N, N'-methylene bis acrylamide (MBA), ammonium peroxydisulfate, and lithium hydroxide. Three different amounts of NR were added into the mixture, forming three samples of hydrogel electrolyte which are SA/AAM/NR1 (5 vol% NR content), SA/AAM/NR2 (10 vol% NR content), and SA/AAM/NR3 (15 vol% NR content). Through X-Ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, it was proven that the prepared hydrogel electrolytes are amorphous and contain the functional groups found in SA, AAM, and NR. EIS suggested that SA/AAM/NR3 has the highest ionic conductivity of 9.424 mS/cm as well as the lowest activation energy of 0.1105 eV. Thus, SA/AAM/NR3 is used to assemble electric double layer capacitor using graphite foil coated with either porous carbon (PC/SA/AAM/NR3/PC) or activated carbon, respectively. CV and GCD studies show that PC/SA/AAM/NR3/PC demonstrated the best electrochemical properties with a specific capacitance of 33.64 F/g at 5 mV/s and 34.01 F/g at 100 mA/g. The maximum power density of PC/SA/AAM/NR3/PC is 866.79 W/kg with an energy density of 2.17 Wh/kg. PC/SA/AAM/NR3/PC also retains 81.26% of its capacitance after 1800 charge–discharge cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Materials Science is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1007/s10853-025-11322-6
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 17
        StartPage: 15172
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Rubber
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Hydrogels
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sodium alginate
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Energy storage
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Electrochemical analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Acrylamide
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Supercapacitors
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ionic conductivity
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Influence of natural rubber content on the electrochemical performance of sodium alginate/acrylamide/natural rubber hydrogel electrolyte supercapacitors.
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            NameFull: Said, Muhammad Zulnasri Mohd
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            – D: 08
              M: 09
              Text: Sep2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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