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Sprinkler Protection of Storage under Sloped Ceilings—Part 1: Numerical Modeling.

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Title: Sprinkler Protection of Storage under Sloped Ceilings—Part 1: Numerical Modeling.
Authors: Chatterjee, Prateep1 (AUTHOR) Prateep.Chatterjee@fmglobal.com, Meredith, Karl V.1 (AUTHOR), Geiman, Justin A.2 (AUTHOR), Wang, Yi1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Fire Technology. Sep2025, Vol. 61 Issue 5, p2901-2923. 23p.
Subjects: Computational fluid dynamics, Fire protection engineering, Computer simulation, Fluid dynamics, Ceilings, Fire prevention
Abstract: In the present study, a numerical model-based investigation has been conducted to understand the automatic sprinkler protection challenges associated with sloped ceilings. The modeling study has been conducted using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code FireFOAM. Ceiling jets resulting from growing fires on a 3-tier high cartoned unexpanded plastic (CUP) rack-storage commodity have been simulated to investigate the effect of ceiling slope and obstruction (purlin) depth on sprinkler activations. For quick-response, ordinary temperature-rated sprinklers, simulation results show that for the fire source being evaluated, ceilings with ≤ 18 ∘ inclination and purlin depths of ≤ 0.2 m have similar activation times and patterns as non-sloped ceiling for the four sprinklers immediately adjacent to the fire source. Spray transport simulations have also been conducted to evaluate the effect of ceiling slope and sprinkler installation orientations on water flux distributions. Results indicated that the sprinkler deflector parallel to the floor is a preferable orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Fire Technology is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: In the present study, a numerical model-based investigation has been conducted to understand the automatic sprinkler protection challenges associated with sloped ceilings. The modeling study has been conducted using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code FireFOAM. Ceiling jets resulting from growing fires on a 3-tier high cartoned unexpanded plastic (CUP) rack-storage commodity have been simulated to investigate the effect of ceiling slope and obstruction (purlin) depth on sprinkler activations. For quick-response, ordinary temperature-rated sprinklers, simulation results show that for the fire source being evaluated, ceilings with ≤ 18 ∘ inclination and purlin depths of ≤ 0.2 m have similar activation times and patterns as non-sloped ceiling for the four sprinklers immediately adjacent to the fire source. Spray transport simulations have also been conducted to evaluate the effect of ceiling slope and sprinkler installation orientations on water flux distributions. Results indicated that the sprinkler deflector parallel to the floor is a preferable orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Fire Technology is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1007/s10694-025-01709-x
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 23
        StartPage: 2901
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      – SubjectFull: Computational fluid dynamics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fire protection engineering
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Computer simulation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fluid dynamics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ceilings
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fire prevention
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Sprinkler Protection of Storage under Sloped Ceilings—Part 1: Numerical Modeling.
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            – D: 01
              M: 09
              Text: Sep2025
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              Y: 2025
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