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Optical kicking of liquid droplets for sample delivery in ultrafast soft X‐ray experiments.

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Title: Optical kicking of liquid droplets for sample delivery in ultrafast soft X‐ray experiments.
Authors: Ebrahimpour, Zeinab1 (AUTHOR) zeinab.ebrahimpour@elettra.eu, Cojoc, Dan2 (AUTHOR), Principi, Emiliano1 (AUTHOR), Mincigrucci, Riccardo1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Journal of Synchrotron Radiation. Sep2025, Vol. 32 Issue 5, p1184-1193. 10p.
Subjects: Microdroplets, Femtosecond lasers, Phase transitions, Thermodynamics, Deflection (Light), X-rays
Abstract: We present a technique based on the optical force of a femtosecond laser acting on liquid micro‐droplets for their precise manipulation in a vacuum, enabling an efficient sample delivery system for soft X‐ray experiments. Conventional liquid jet methods, which are utilized in soft X‐ray experiments, consume large sample volumes and offer limited control over droplet trajectories, leading to significant sample waste. Our approach uses optical forces from a femtosecond‐pulsed focused laser to deflect free‐falling droplets, guiding them with high precision toward the interaction region. This significantly reduces sample waste while enabling real‐time control over droplet positioning. To understand the behavior of droplets in vacuum and their interaction with the focused laser beam, we employ theoretical analysis and numerical simulations. Hertz–Knudsen equations describe the thermodynamics of free‐falling and deflected droplets, allowing estimation of their temperature and size as a function of time and position. The optical force acting on the droplets is determined using the transfer matrix method and Lorenz–Mie theory. The proposed technique provides fine tuning over delivery time and thermodynamic properties of the liquid sample, offering a promising platform for investigating supercooled liquid micro‐droplets and phase transitions. It is a particularly well suited liquid sample delivery method for ultrafast X‐ray experiments using tabletop sources, as well as current and future free‐electron laser and high harmonic generation facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Synchrotron Radiation is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
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PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Data: Optical kicking of liquid droplets for sample delivery in ultrafast soft X‐ray experiments.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Synchrotron+Radiation%22">Journal of Synchrotron Radiation</searchLink>. Sep2025, Vol. 32 Issue 5, p1184-1193. 10p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Microdroplets%22">Microdroplets</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Femtosecond+lasers%22">Femtosecond lasers</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Phase+transitions%22">Phase transitions</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thermodynamics%22">Thermodynamics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Deflection+%28Light%29%22">Deflection (Light)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22X-rays%22">X-rays</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: We present a technique based on the optical force of a femtosecond laser acting on liquid micro‐droplets for their precise manipulation in a vacuum, enabling an efficient sample delivery system for soft X‐ray experiments. Conventional liquid jet methods, which are utilized in soft X‐ray experiments, consume large sample volumes and offer limited control over droplet trajectories, leading to significant sample waste. Our approach uses optical forces from a femtosecond‐pulsed focused laser to deflect free‐falling droplets, guiding them with high precision toward the interaction region. This significantly reduces sample waste while enabling real‐time control over droplet positioning. To understand the behavior of droplets in vacuum and their interaction with the focused laser beam, we employ theoretical analysis and numerical simulations. Hertz–Knudsen equations describe the thermodynamics of free‐falling and deflected droplets, allowing estimation of their temperature and size as a function of time and position. The optical force acting on the droplets is determined using the transfer matrix method and Lorenz–Mie theory. The proposed technique provides fine tuning over delivery time and thermodynamic properties of the liquid sample, offering a promising platform for investigating supercooled liquid micro‐droplets and phase transitions. It is a particularly well suited liquid sample delivery method for ultrafast X‐ray experiments using tabletop sources, as well as current and future free‐electron laser and high harmonic generation facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Synchrotron Radiation is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1107/S1600577525005430
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 10
        StartPage: 1184
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      – SubjectFull: Microdroplets
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Femtosecond lasers
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Phase transitions
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Thermodynamics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Deflection (Light)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: X-rays
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Optical kicking of liquid droplets for sample delivery in ultrafast soft X‐ray experiments.
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            NameFull: Ebrahimpour, Zeinab
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            NameFull: Cojoc, Dan
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            NameFull: Principi, Emiliano
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            NameFull: Mincigrucci, Riccardo
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            – D: 01
              M: 09
              Text: Sep2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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              Value: 32
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            – TitleFull: Journal of Synchrotron Radiation
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