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Experimental and evaluation methods for miscibility of short chain olefin refrigerants with lubricating oil.

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Title: Experimental and evaluation methods for miscibility of short chain olefin refrigerants with lubricating oil.
Authors: Zhao, Yanfeng1 (AUTHOR), Yang, Zhao1 (AUTHOR) zhaoyang@tju.edu.cn, Hou, Zhaoning1 (AUTHOR), Zhang, Shuping1 (AUTHOR), Zhang, Bujian1 (AUTHOR), Gao, Lei1 (AUTHOR), Pan, Yao1 (AUTHOR)
Source: International Journal of Refrigeration. Nov2025, Vol. 179, p368-377. 10p.
Subjects: Miscibility, Lubricating oils, Phase transitions, Transition temperature, Refrigerants, Evaluation methodology, Thermal properties
Abstract: • Real-time multi-camera visualization miscibility test system. • Miscibility of multiple olefinic refrigerants and lubricant. • A novel method for determining the miscibility of olefinic refrigerants and lubricant. New generation environmentally friendly short-chain olefin refrigerants have become a focal point in refrigeration and energy sector research due to their superior thermal properties. Comprehensive studies on the miscibility of these refrigerants with lubricating oils are still lacking. A real-time multi-camera visualization system was designed and constructed for miscibility testing. The evaluation method, based on elemental contributions, molecular polarity, dispersive forces, olefin molecular configurations, and lubricating oil viscosity, was developed. Findings revealed that R1150 and R1270 are fully miscible with PVE32. R1234yf showed immiscibility with mineral oils and was miscible below the Critical Miscibility Temperature (CMT) when mixed with PVE68. At an oil concentration of 15%, the CMT peaked at -43.5 °C. R1233zd(E) was found to be fully miscible with non-mineral oils, exhibiting parabolic-like CMT curves with 3GS/4GS, peaking at -23.5 °C and -21 °C respectively at an oil concentration of 15%. Based on dynamic observations of phase transitions, the R1233zd(E)/3GS and R1234yf/PVE68 were defined as having five stages. The durations of these stages and the corresponding microscopic morphological changes were quantified. The novel evaluation method effectively determines the miscibility between olefin refrigerants and lubricating oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of International Journal of Refrigeration is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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Header DbId: egs
DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 187894163
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Experimental and evaluation methods for miscibility of short chain olefin refrigerants with lubricating oil.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhao%2C+Yanfeng%22">Zhao, Yanfeng</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yang%2C+Zhao%22">Yang, Zhao</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> zhaoyang@tju.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hou%2C+Zhaoning%22">Hou, Zhaoning</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+Shuping%22">Zhang, Shuping</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+Bujian%22">Zhang, Bujian</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gao%2C+Lei%22">Gao, Lei</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Pan%2C+Yao%22">Pan, Yao</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22International+Journal+of+Refrigeration%22">International Journal of Refrigeration</searchLink>. Nov2025, Vol. 179, p368-377. 10p.
– Name: Subject
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Miscibility%22">Miscibility</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Lubricating+oils%22">Lubricating oils</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Phase+transitions%22">Phase transitions</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Transition+temperature%22">Transition temperature</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Refrigerants%22">Refrigerants</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Evaluation+methodology%22">Evaluation methodology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thermal+properties%22">Thermal properties</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: • Real-time multi-camera visualization miscibility test system. • Miscibility of multiple olefinic refrigerants and lubricant. • A novel method for determining the miscibility of olefinic refrigerants and lubricant. New generation environmentally friendly short-chain olefin refrigerants have become a focal point in refrigeration and energy sector research due to their superior thermal properties. Comprehensive studies on the miscibility of these refrigerants with lubricating oils are still lacking. A real-time multi-camera visualization system was designed and constructed for miscibility testing. The evaluation method, based on elemental contributions, molecular polarity, dispersive forces, olefin molecular configurations, and lubricating oil viscosity, was developed. Findings revealed that R1150 and R1270 are fully miscible with PVE32. R1234yf showed immiscibility with mineral oils and was miscible below the Critical Miscibility Temperature (CMT) when mixed with PVE68. At an oil concentration of 15%, the CMT peaked at -43.5 °C. R1233zd(E) was found to be fully miscible with non-mineral oils, exhibiting parabolic-like CMT curves with 3GS/4GS, peaking at -23.5 °C and -21 °C respectively at an oil concentration of 15%. Based on dynamic observations of phase transitions, the R1233zd(E)/3GS and R1234yf/PVE68 were defined as having five stages. The durations of these stages and the corresponding microscopic morphological changes were quantified. The novel evaluation method effectively determines the miscibility between olefin refrigerants and lubricating oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of International Journal of Refrigeration is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.07.031
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 10
        StartPage: 368
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Miscibility
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Lubricating oils
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Phase transitions
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Transition temperature
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Refrigerants
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Evaluation methodology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Thermal properties
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Experimental and evaluation methods for miscibility of short chain olefin refrigerants with lubricating oil.
        Type: main
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      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Zhao, Yanfeng
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Yang, Zhao
      – PersonEntity:
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            NameFull: Hou, Zhaoning
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            NameFull: Zhang, Shuping
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            NameFull: Zhang, Bujian
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            NameFull: Gao, Lei
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            NameFull: Pan, Yao
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          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 11
              Text: Nov2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-print
              Value: 01407007
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            – Type: volume
              Value: 179
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: International Journal of Refrigeration
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