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Effect of Nozzle Structure on Energy Separation Performance in Vortex Tubes.

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Title: Effect of Nozzle Structure on Energy Separation Performance in Vortex Tubes.
Authors: Tang, Ming1 (AUTHOR), Jin, Gongyu1,2 (AUTHOR), Zhang, Jiali2,3 (AUTHOR), Guo, Fuxing1,2 (AUTHOR), Jia, Fengyu2,3 (AUTHOR), Wang, Bo3 (AUTHOR) wangbo@usst.edu.cn
Source: Energies (19961073). Sep2025, Vol. 18 Issue 17, p4694. 13p.
Subjects: Vortex tubes, Refrigeration & refrigerating machinery, Thermodynamics, Flow velocity, Heat capacity, Temperature distribution, Computer simulation, Nozzles
Abstract: Vortex tubes are used in specialized scenarios where conventional refrigeration systems are impractical, such as tool cooling in CNC machines. The internal flow within a vortex tube is highly complex, with numerous factors influencing its energy separation process, and the coefficient of performance for refrigeration is relatively low. To investigate the impact of nozzle type on energy separation performance, vortex tubes with straight-type, converging-type, and converging–diverging-type nozzles were designed. Numerical simulation was conducted to explore their velocity, pressure, and temperature distribution at an inlet pressure of 0.7 MPa and a cold mass fraction of 0.1~0.9. The cooling effect, temperature separation effect, cold outlet mass flow rate, and refrigeration capacity of vortex tubes were assessed. The converging–diverging nozzle increases the gas velocity at the nozzle outlet while it does not significantly enlarge the airflow velocity in the vortex chamber. As the cold mass fraction rises, the cooling performance and cooling capacity of three vortex tubes first increase and then decrease. The maximum cooling effect and cooling capacity of vortex tubes are achieved at cold mass fractions of 0.3 and 0.7, respectively. Under identical conditions, the vortex tube with a converging nozzle achieves the highest cooling effect with a temperature drop of 36.6 K, whereas the vortex tube with converging–diverging nozzles possesses the largest gas flow rate, and the cooling capacity reaches 542.4 W. The vortex tube with straight nozzles exhibits the worst refrigeration performance with a cooling effect of 33.6 K and a cooling capacity of 465.9 W. It is indicated that optimizing the nozzle structure of the vortex tube to reduce flow resistance contributes to enhancing both the gas velocity entering the swirl chamber and the resultant refrigeration performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Energies (19961073) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Effect of Nozzle Structure on Energy Separation Performance in Vortex Tubes.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Energies+%2819961073%29%22">Energies (19961073)</searchLink>. Sep2025, Vol. 18 Issue 17, p4694. 13p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Vortex+tubes%22">Vortex tubes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Refrigeration+%26+refrigerating+machinery%22">Refrigeration & refrigerating machinery</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thermodynamics%22">Thermodynamics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Flow+velocity%22">Flow velocity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Heat+capacity%22">Heat capacity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Temperature+distribution%22">Temperature distribution</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Computer+simulation%22">Computer simulation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Nozzles%22">Nozzles</searchLink>
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Vortex tubes are used in specialized scenarios where conventional refrigeration systems are impractical, such as tool cooling in CNC machines. The internal flow within a vortex tube is highly complex, with numerous factors influencing its energy separation process, and the coefficient of performance for refrigeration is relatively low. To investigate the impact of nozzle type on energy separation performance, vortex tubes with straight-type, converging-type, and converging–diverging-type nozzles were designed. Numerical simulation was conducted to explore their velocity, pressure, and temperature distribution at an inlet pressure of 0.7 MPa and a cold mass fraction of 0.1~0.9. The cooling effect, temperature separation effect, cold outlet mass flow rate, and refrigeration capacity of vortex tubes were assessed. The converging–diverging nozzle increases the gas velocity at the nozzle outlet while it does not significantly enlarge the airflow velocity in the vortex chamber. As the cold mass fraction rises, the cooling performance and cooling capacity of three vortex tubes first increase and then decrease. The maximum cooling effect and cooling capacity of vortex tubes are achieved at cold mass fractions of 0.3 and 0.7, respectively. Under identical conditions, the vortex tube with a converging nozzle achieves the highest cooling effect with a temperature drop of 36.6 K, whereas the vortex tube with converging–diverging nozzles possesses the largest gas flow rate, and the cooling capacity reaches 542.4 W. The vortex tube with straight nozzles exhibits the worst refrigeration performance with a cooling effect of 33.6 K and a cooling capacity of 465.9 W. It is indicated that optimizing the nozzle structure of the vortex tube to reduce flow resistance contributes to enhancing both the gas velocity entering the swirl chamber and the resultant refrigeration performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Energies (19961073) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/en18174694
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 13
        StartPage: 4694
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Vortex tubes
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Refrigeration & refrigerating machinery
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Thermodynamics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Flow velocity
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Heat capacity
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Temperature distribution
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Computer simulation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Nozzles
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Effect of Nozzle Structure on Energy Separation Performance in Vortex Tubes.
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            NameFull: Tang, Ming
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            NameFull: Zhang, Jiali
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            – D: 01
              M: 09
              Text: Sep2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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