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Evaluation of Timepix3 as a luminosity detector at LHC during 2018 pp collisions at s=13 TeV.

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Title: Evaluation of Timepix3 as a luminosity detector at LHC during 2018 pp collisions at s=13 TeV.
Authors: Bergmann, Benedikt1 (AUTHOR) benedikt.bergmann@utef.cvut.cz, Burian, Petr1,2 (AUTHOR), David-Bosne, Eric1 (AUTHOR), Lesmes, Catalina1 (AUTHOR), Pospisil, Stanislav1 (AUTHOR), Smolyanskiy, Petr1 (AUTHOR)
Source: European Physical Journal C -- Particles & Fields. Aug2025, Vol. 85 Issue 8, p1-15. 15p.
Subjects: Luminosity, Large Hadron Collider, Neutron counters, Signal processing, Particle analysis, Proton-proton interactions, Particle physics, Particle detectors
Abstract: Four Timepix3 detectors were installed in the ATLAS experiment at different positions to study their capabilities to measure luminosity during pp-collisions at s = 13 TeV in 2018. While the detectors were operated independently of the ATLAS triggering and acquisition scheme, continuous (dead-time free) measurement together with an orbit clock trigger allowed for synchronization with the LHC. The detectors benefit from a fine segmentation, a pixel pitch of 55 μ m, and a per-pixel time resolution of 1.6 ns allowing for a high-quality track reconstruction and particle identification. One of the 500 μ m thick silicon sensors was equipped with a 6 LiF neutron converter, extending the particle identification capabilities. The installed system was used to study luminosity in different time frames: long term (run-by-run), short term (within a single run) and instantaneous (for each bunch crossing). For the long- and short-term luminosity, partly-independent algorithms: cluster and thermal neutron counting are proposed. A comprehensive analysis of the signal from induced radioactivity and its consecutive removal is presented together with a study demonstrating that the activation-corrected Timepix3 luminosity measurement provides good linearity with respect to the pile-up parameter μ . For measurement of the instantaneous luminosity, a cluster classification scheme was employed to decompose the measured response to the colliding bunch signal. Selecting a subset of the cluster categories, the signal-to-background ratio was improved and the impact of delayed particles from previous bunches could be reduced. Comparisons performed to the primary bunch-by-bunch luminosity measurement of the ATLAS experiment, provided by the LUCID-2 Cherenkov detector, show a good agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of European Physical Journal C -- Particles & Fields is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Evaluation of Timepix3 as a luminosity detector at LHC during 2018 pp collisions at s=13 TeV.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bergmann%2C+Benedikt%22">Bergmann, Benedikt</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> benedikt.bergmann@utef.cvut.cz</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Burian%2C+Petr%22">Burian, Petr</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22David-Bosne%2C+Eric%22">David-Bosne, Eric</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lesmes%2C+Catalina%22">Lesmes, Catalina</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Pospisil%2C+Stanislav%22">Pospisil, Stanislav</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Smolyanskiy%2C+Petr%22">Smolyanskiy, Petr</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22European+Physical+Journal+C+--+Particles+%26+Fields%22">European Physical Journal C -- Particles & Fields</searchLink>. Aug2025, Vol. 85 Issue 8, p1-15. 15p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Luminosity%22">Luminosity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Large+Hadron+Collider%22">Large Hadron Collider</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Neutron+counters%22">Neutron counters</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Signal+processing%22">Signal processing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Particle+analysis%22">Particle analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Proton-proton+interactions%22">Proton-proton interactions</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Particle+physics%22">Particle physics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Particle+detectors%22">Particle detectors</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Four Timepix3 detectors were installed in the ATLAS experiment at different positions to study their capabilities to measure luminosity during pp-collisions at s = 13 TeV in 2018. While the detectors were operated independently of the ATLAS triggering and acquisition scheme, continuous (dead-time free) measurement together with an orbit clock trigger allowed for synchronization with the LHC. The detectors benefit from a fine segmentation, a pixel pitch of 55 μ m, and a per-pixel time resolution of 1.6 ns allowing for a high-quality track reconstruction and particle identification. One of the 500 μ m thick silicon sensors was equipped with a 6 LiF neutron converter, extending the particle identification capabilities. The installed system was used to study luminosity in different time frames: long term (run-by-run), short term (within a single run) and instantaneous (for each bunch crossing). For the long- and short-term luminosity, partly-independent algorithms: cluster and thermal neutron counting are proposed. A comprehensive analysis of the signal from induced radioactivity and its consecutive removal is presented together with a study demonstrating that the activation-corrected Timepix3 luminosity measurement provides good linearity with respect to the pile-up parameter μ . For measurement of the instantaneous luminosity, a cluster classification scheme was employed to decompose the measured response to the colliding bunch signal. Selecting a subset of the cluster categories, the signal-to-background ratio was improved and the impact of delayed particles from previous bunches could be reduced. Comparisons performed to the primary bunch-by-bunch luminosity measurement of the ATLAS experiment, provided by the LUCID-2 Cherenkov detector, show a good agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of European Physical Journal C -- Particles & Fields is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14631-x
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      – SubjectFull: Luminosity
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      – SubjectFull: Large Hadron Collider
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      – SubjectFull: Neutron counters
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      – SubjectFull: Particle detectors
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      – TitleFull: Evaluation of Timepix3 as a luminosity detector at LHC during 2018 pp collisions at s=13 TeV.
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              M: 08
              Text: Aug2025
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              Y: 2025
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