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Visible-light responsive Mn3O4/TiO2 thin films: A green solution to organic pollutant degradation in water.

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Title: Visible-light responsive Mn3O4/TiO2 thin films: A green solution to organic pollutant degradation in water.
Authors: Netravathi, L.1,2 (AUTHOR), Deepthi, P.R.1,2 (AUTHOR) deepthi.pr@presidencyuniversity.in, Mohankumar, P.1,2 (AUTHOR)
Source: Ceramics International. Oct2025:Part B, Vol. 51 Issue 25, p45691-45705. 15p.
Subjects: Organic water pollutants, Semiconductor films, Thin films analysis, Chemical oxygen demand, Titanium dioxide
Abstract: Innovative and effective solutions beyond traditional photocatalysts are required to address the ongoing organic pollution of water bodies. This study reports the synthesis and evaluation of Mn 3 O 4 /TiO 2 composite thin films, fabricated on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates via a two-step hydrothermal method. Thin films of pure TiO 2 and Mn 3 O 4 /TiO 2 were deposited on FTO substrates and systematically analyzed for their structural, optical, functional and photocatalytic abilities. Comprehensive characterization using X-ray diffraction (XRD) established the effective integration of Mn 3 O 4 onto the TiO 2 matrix, while Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed robust interfacial bonding, promoting enhanced charge transfer. The composite film exhibited a reduced optical band gap of 2.10 eV, enabling effective absorption in the visible range for sunlight-driven photocatalysis. FESEM and EDS confirmed Mn 3 O 4 incorporation into the TiO 2 matrix, revealing morphological changes and high purity that enhance electrochemical and photocatalytic performance. Mott-Schottky analysis confirmed the n-type semiconductor nature of the films and indicated flat-band potentials of −0.61 V for TiO 2 and –0.52 V for Mn 3 O 4 /TiO 2 (vs. Ag/AgCl), providing insights into their electronic properties. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) demonstrated that the Mn 3 O 4 /TiO 2 composite possesses lower charge transfer resistance than pure TiO 2 , signifying enhanced charge separation efficiency. The Mn 3 O 4 /TiO 2 composite showed improved performance in photocatalytic degradation investigations using Rhodamine B (RhB) dye under natural sunshine, attaining a degradation efficiency of 91.81 % in just 3.5 h, significantly exceeding pure TiO 2 (74.00 %). The scavenger study revealed OH ⦁ and O 2 − ⦁ as the primary reactive species involved in the photocatalytic degradation of RhB. The breakdown process was further confirmed through chemical oxygen demand (COD) analysis, while the degradation by-products were identified using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS).These findings highlight the Mn 3 O 4 /TiO 2 nanocomposite as a highly efficient, sunlight-active photocatalyst with strong potential for practical applications in wastewater treatment and environmental remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Ceramics International is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Visible-light responsive Mn3O4/TiO2 thin films: A green solution to organic pollutant degradation in water.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Ceramics+International%22">Ceramics International</searchLink>. Oct2025:Part B, Vol. 51 Issue 25, p45691-45705. 15p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Organic+water+pollutants%22">Organic water pollutants</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Semiconductor+films%22">Semiconductor films</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thin+films+analysis%22">Thin films analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Chemical+oxygen+demand%22">Chemical oxygen demand</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Titanium+dioxide%22">Titanium dioxide</searchLink>
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  Data: Innovative and effective solutions beyond traditional photocatalysts are required to address the ongoing organic pollution of water bodies. This study reports the synthesis and evaluation of Mn 3 O 4 /TiO 2 composite thin films, fabricated on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates via a two-step hydrothermal method. Thin films of pure TiO 2 and Mn 3 O 4 /TiO 2 were deposited on FTO substrates and systematically analyzed for their structural, optical, functional and photocatalytic abilities. Comprehensive characterization using X-ray diffraction (XRD) established the effective integration of Mn 3 O 4 onto the TiO 2 matrix, while Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed robust interfacial bonding, promoting enhanced charge transfer. The composite film exhibited a reduced optical band gap of 2.10 eV, enabling effective absorption in the visible range for sunlight-driven photocatalysis. FESEM and EDS confirmed Mn 3 O 4 incorporation into the TiO 2 matrix, revealing morphological changes and high purity that enhance electrochemical and photocatalytic performance. Mott-Schottky analysis confirmed the n-type semiconductor nature of the films and indicated flat-band potentials of −0.61 V for TiO 2 and –0.52 V for Mn 3 O 4 /TiO 2 (vs. Ag/AgCl), providing insights into their electronic properties. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) demonstrated that the Mn 3 O 4 /TiO 2 composite possesses lower charge transfer resistance than pure TiO 2 , signifying enhanced charge separation efficiency. The Mn 3 O 4 /TiO 2 composite showed improved performance in photocatalytic degradation investigations using Rhodamine B (RhB) dye under natural sunshine, attaining a degradation efficiency of 91.81 % in just 3.5 h, significantly exceeding pure TiO 2 (74.00 %). The scavenger study revealed OH ⦁ and O 2 − ⦁ as the primary reactive species involved in the photocatalytic degradation of RhB. The breakdown process was further confirmed through chemical oxygen demand (COD) analysis, while the degradation by-products were identified using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS).These findings highlight the Mn 3 O 4 /TiO 2 nanocomposite as a highly efficient, sunlight-active photocatalyst with strong potential for practical applications in wastewater treatment and environmental remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Ceramics International is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2025.07.284
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        Text: English
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        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Semiconductor films
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      – SubjectFull: Thin films analysis
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      – SubjectFull: Chemical oxygen demand
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      – SubjectFull: Titanium dioxide
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      – TitleFull: Visible-light responsive Mn3O4/TiO2 thin films: A green solution to organic pollutant degradation in water.
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              Text: Oct2025:Part B
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