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Effect of the Normalizing Temperature on the Size and Homogeneity of Austenite Grain in 20CrMnTi Carburized Gear Steel.

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Title: Effect of the Normalizing Temperature on the Size and Homogeneity of Austenite Grain in 20CrMnTi Carburized Gear Steel.
Authors: Mo, Jiaxuan1 (AUTHOR), Yuan, Qing1 (AUTHOR) yuanqing@wust.edu.cn, Liang, Wen2 (AUTHOR), Zhang, Zhicheng3 (AUTHOR), Hu, Haijiang1 (AUTHOR), Xu, Guang1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Arabian Journal for Science & Engineering (Springer Science & Business Media B.V. ). Sep2025, Vol. 50 Issue 17, p13593-13604. 12p.
Subjects: Grain size, Homogeneity, Heat treatment, Austenite, Carburization, Microstructure, Austenitic steel, Ostwald ripening
Abstract: This study investigated the effects of normalizing temperature, carburizing temperature, and time on the grain size and homogeneity of parent austenite grain (PAG) in 20CrMnTi gear steel. The grain coarsening mechanism was revealed to clarify the significance of normalizing temperature. The results manifested two different critical carburizing parameters that showed inverse grain evolutions at 940 and 800 °C normalizing temperatures, respectively. Compared to PAG without normalizing, the PAG size was smaller when the normalizing temperature was 940 °C for the carburizing temperature ≤ 970 °C and the holding time ≤ 4 h. Additionally, PAG with normalizing had a lower inhomogeneity factor than that without normalizing. When the carburizing process went beyond the critical carburizing parameters, grain coarsening and mixed grain appeared. Another critical carburizing parameter was transformed to a low temperature and a short time at 800 °C normalizing temperature. Additionally, under the same carburizing, the average grain size and mixed grain degree after normalizing at 940 °C were smaller than those at 800 °C. The redissolution and maturation of the (Nb, Ti, Mo)(C, N) particles during carburizing yielded grain coarsening and mixed grain phenomenon. The normalizing temperatures of 940 and 800 °C had little effect on the distribution of the (Nb, Ti, and Mo)(C, N) particles. However, the high-temperature normalizing at 940 °C generated fine and uniform austenite grains due to the microstructure heredity by reaustenitizing. Nevertheless, ferrite + austenite duple-phase microstructure was obtained at 800 °C, where the coarse ferrite grains increased the inhomogeneity of the austenite during carburizing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Arabian Journal for Science & Engineering (Springer Science & Business Media B.V. ) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Effect of the Normalizing Temperature on the Size and Homogeneity of Austenite Grain in 20CrMnTi Carburized Gear Steel.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Grain+size%22">Grain size</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Homogeneity%22">Homogeneity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Heat+treatment%22">Heat treatment</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Austenite%22">Austenite</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Carburization%22">Carburization</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Microstructure%22">Microstructure</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Austenitic+steel%22">Austenitic steel</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ostwald+ripening%22">Ostwald ripening</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: This study investigated the effects of normalizing temperature, carburizing temperature, and time on the grain size and homogeneity of parent austenite grain (PAG) in 20CrMnTi gear steel. The grain coarsening mechanism was revealed to clarify the significance of normalizing temperature. The results manifested two different critical carburizing parameters that showed inverse grain evolutions at 940 and 800 °C normalizing temperatures, respectively. Compared to PAG without normalizing, the PAG size was smaller when the normalizing temperature was 940 °C for the carburizing temperature ≤ 970 °C and the holding time ≤ 4 h. Additionally, PAG with normalizing had a lower inhomogeneity factor than that without normalizing. When the carburizing process went beyond the critical carburizing parameters, grain coarsening and mixed grain appeared. Another critical carburizing parameter was transformed to a low temperature and a short time at 800 °C normalizing temperature. Additionally, under the same carburizing, the average grain size and mixed grain degree after normalizing at 940 °C were smaller than those at 800 °C. The redissolution and maturation of the (Nb, Ti, Mo)(C, N) particles during carburizing yielded grain coarsening and mixed grain phenomenon. The normalizing temperatures of 940 and 800 °C had little effect on the distribution of the (Nb, Ti, and Mo)(C, N) particles. However, the high-temperature normalizing at 940 °C generated fine and uniform austenite grains due to the microstructure heredity by reaustenitizing. Nevertheless, ferrite + austenite duple-phase microstructure was obtained at 800 °C, where the coarse ferrite grains increased the inhomogeneity of the austenite during carburizing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Arabian Journal for Science & Engineering (Springer Science & Business Media B.V. ) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1007/s13369-024-09485-6
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 12
        StartPage: 13593
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Grain size
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Homogeneity
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Heat treatment
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Austenite
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Carburization
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Microstructure
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Austenitic steel
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ostwald ripening
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Effect of the Normalizing Temperature on the Size and Homogeneity of Austenite Grain in 20CrMnTi Carburized Gear Steel.
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          Name:
            NameFull: Mo, Jiaxuan
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            NameFull: Yuan, Qing
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            NameFull: Liang, Wen
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            NameFull: Zhang, Zhicheng
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            NameFull: Hu, Haijiang
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            NameFull: Xu, Guang
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          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 09
              Text: Sep2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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              Value: 2193567X
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              Value: 50
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              Value: 17
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            – TitleFull: Arabian Journal for Science & Engineering (Springer Science & Business Media B.V. )
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