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Evaluating GPS and Galileo Precise Point Positioning (PPP) Under Various Ionospheric Conditions During Solar Cycle 25.

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Title: Evaluating GPS and Galileo Precise Point Positioning (PPP) Under Various Ionospheric Conditions During Solar Cycle 25.
Authors: Marques, Haroldo Antonio1 (AUTHOR), Monico, João Francisco Galera2 (AUTHOR), Marques, Heloísa Alves Silva1,3 (AUTHOR), Susi, Melania3,4 (AUTHOR), Borio, Daniele4,5 (AUTHOR) daniele.borio@ec.europa.eu, Park, Jihye5,6 (AUTHOR), Wȩzka, Kinga1,6 (AUTHOR)
Source: Remote Sensing. Sep2025, Vol. 17 Issue 18, p3169. 23p.
Subjects: Ionospheric disturbances, Solar cycle, Wireless geolocation systems, Scintillators, GPS receivers, Galileo (Spacecraft), Global Positioning System, Galileo satellite navigation system
Abstract: Highlights: What are the main findings? While twenty months of observations from six stations distributed around the globe demonstrate that PPP solutions can reach stable accuracies below five centimeters, disturbed ionospheric conditions analysed during Solar Cycle 25 can induce meter level errors and lead to long re-convergence times. Using Galileo alongside GPS yields more accurate PPP solutions than GPS only under both quiet and disturbed ionospheric conditions. The multi-constellation approach, together with the integration of a Detection–Identification–Adaptation (DIA) procedure into the PPP algorithm, improves positioning performance and robustness during severe ionospheric scintillation. What is the implication of the main findings? Multi-GNSS should be the default, with the processing of GPS + Galileo rather than GPS only to reduce errors and improve solution quality. The integration of DIA-based quality control in PPP, especially under ionospheric scintillation, to detect and mitigate/reject outliers, maintains solution integrity and reduces re-convergence times. Robust cycle slip detection and repair should be implemented to improve positioning performance and reduce re-convergence events. As the peak of Solar Cycle 25 approaches, space weather events such as Equatorial Plasma Bubble (EPBs) and geomagnetic storms are expected to become more frequent. While EPBs are a primary source of scintillation, geomagnetic storms can either enhance or suppress this activity depending on storm timing, intensity, and induced electric field effects, thereby causing significant ionospheric disturbances that degrade Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signal reception performance. This study presents a novel, systematic evaluation of GPS + Galileo Precise Point Positioning (PPP) performance under intense ionospheric scintillation during the rising phase of Solar Cycle 25 using datasets from globally distributed stations. More than twenty months of data have been systematically analysed, with a focus on stations located in equatorial regions, which are the most affected by strong scintillation. PPP processing was performed using final products from the European Space Agency (ESA) with Multi-GNSS Experiment (MGEX) products employed as backups when ESA data were unavailable. It is shown that under severe scintillation the accuracy of the final PPP solution is severely reduced, with errors more than doubled with respect to calm days. In this respect, frequent cycle slips and anomalies in the input observations are detected. A comparative analysis of GPS-only and GPS + Galileo PPP solutions confirms that integrating Galileo not only mitigates the impact of scintillation but also improves the reliability and accuracy of positioning in challenging space weather conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Remote Sensing is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Evaluating GPS and Galileo Precise Point Positioning (PPP) Under Various Ionospheric Conditions During Solar Cycle 25.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Marques%2C+Haroldo+Antonio%22">Marques, Haroldo Antonio</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Monico%2C+João+Francisco+Galera%22">Monico, João Francisco Galera</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Marques%2C+Heloísa+Alves+Silva%22">Marques, Heloísa Alves Silva</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Susi%2C+Melania%22">Susi, Melania</searchLink><relatesTo>3,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Borio%2C+Daniele%22">Borio, Daniele</searchLink><relatesTo>4,5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> daniele.borio@ec.europa.eu</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Park%2C+Jihye%22">Park, Jihye</searchLink><relatesTo>5,6</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wȩzka%2C+Kinga%22">Wȩzka, Kinga</searchLink><relatesTo>1,6</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Remote+Sensing%22">Remote Sensing</searchLink>. Sep2025, Vol. 17 Issue 18, p3169. 23p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ionospheric+disturbances%22">Ionospheric disturbances</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Solar+cycle%22">Solar cycle</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Wireless+geolocation+systems%22">Wireless geolocation systems</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Scintillators%22">Scintillators</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22GPS+receivers%22">GPS receivers</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Galileo+%28Spacecraft%29%22">Galileo (Spacecraft)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Global+Positioning+System%22">Global Positioning System</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Galileo+satellite+navigation+system%22">Galileo satellite navigation system</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Highlights: What are the main findings? While twenty months of observations from six stations distributed around the globe demonstrate that PPP solutions can reach stable accuracies below five centimeters, disturbed ionospheric conditions analysed during Solar Cycle 25 can induce meter level errors and lead to long re-convergence times. Using Galileo alongside GPS yields more accurate PPP solutions than GPS only under both quiet and disturbed ionospheric conditions. The multi-constellation approach, together with the integration of a Detection–Identification–Adaptation (DIA) procedure into the PPP algorithm, improves positioning performance and robustness during severe ionospheric scintillation. What is the implication of the main findings? Multi-GNSS should be the default, with the processing of GPS + Galileo rather than GPS only to reduce errors and improve solution quality. The integration of DIA-based quality control in PPP, especially under ionospheric scintillation, to detect and mitigate/reject outliers, maintains solution integrity and reduces re-convergence times. Robust cycle slip detection and repair should be implemented to improve positioning performance and reduce re-convergence events. As the peak of Solar Cycle 25 approaches, space weather events such as Equatorial Plasma Bubble (EPBs) and geomagnetic storms are expected to become more frequent. While EPBs are a primary source of scintillation, geomagnetic storms can either enhance or suppress this activity depending on storm timing, intensity, and induced electric field effects, thereby causing significant ionospheric disturbances that degrade Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signal reception performance. This study presents a novel, systematic evaluation of GPS + Galileo Precise Point Positioning (PPP) performance under intense ionospheric scintillation during the rising phase of Solar Cycle 25 using datasets from globally distributed stations. More than twenty months of data have been systematically analysed, with a focus on stations located in equatorial regions, which are the most affected by strong scintillation. PPP processing was performed using final products from the European Space Agency (ESA) with Multi-GNSS Experiment (MGEX) products employed as backups when ESA data were unavailable. It is shown that under severe scintillation the accuracy of the final PPP solution is severely reduced, with errors more than doubled with respect to calm days. In this respect, frequent cycle slips and anomalies in the input observations are detected. A comparative analysis of GPS-only and GPS + Galileo PPP solutions confirms that integrating Galileo not only mitigates the impact of scintillation but also improves the reliability and accuracy of positioning in challenging space weather conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Remote Sensing is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/rs17183169
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 23
        StartPage: 3169
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Ionospheric disturbances
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Solar cycle
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Wireless geolocation systems
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Scintillators
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      – SubjectFull: GPS receivers
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      – SubjectFull: Galileo (Spacecraft)
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              Text: Sep2025
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