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Localization of sound in rooms VI: Duplex theory.

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Title: Localization of sound in rooms VI: Duplex theory.
Authors: Hartmann, William M.1 (AUTHOR) wmh@msu.edu, Rakerd, Brad1 (AUTHOR), Crawford, Zane D.1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. Sep2025, Vol. 158 Issue 3, p2048-2061. 14p.
Subjects: Interaural time difference, Acoustic localization, Directional hearing, Signal separation, Reverberation time
Abstract: Six human listeners attempted to locate the sources of sine tones in three room environments with greatly different reverberation times. During the experiment, probe microphones recorded the signals in the listeners' ear canals in order to measure the interaural time differences (ITD) and the interaural level differences (ILD) that enable sound localization. Comparison of the interaural differences with listener localization responses showed the dominant weight of ITD at low frequencies and of ILD at high frequencies, consistent with Duplex theory. Equal ITD and ILD weights occurred at a crossover frequency between 400 and 600 Hz, apparently independent of room environment. Comparing results for near and far sources revealed dramatic effects of source distance on the correlations between interaural differences and source azimuths but little effect on the correlations between interaural differences and listener responses. Front-back reversals were rare for young listeners but frequent for older listeners. The experiment for intermediate reverberation time was repeated with headphones for the same six listeners using listener-specific signals from the rooms measurements. The frequency dependence of the weights for interaural cues was similar to that found in rooms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of the Acoustical Society of America is the property of American Institute of Physics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 188360422
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PubType: Academic Journal
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  Data: Localization of sound in rooms VI: Duplex theory.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hartmann%2C+William+M%2E%22">Hartmann, William M.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> wmh@msu.edu</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rakerd%2C+Brad%22">Rakerd, Brad</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Crawford%2C+Zane+D%2E%22">Crawford, Zane D.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+the+Acoustical+Society+of+America%22">Journal of the Acoustical Society of America</searchLink>. Sep2025, Vol. 158 Issue 3, p2048-2061. 14p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Interaural+time+difference%22">Interaural time difference</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Acoustic+localization%22">Acoustic localization</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Directional+hearing%22">Directional hearing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Signal+separation%22">Signal separation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Reverberation+time%22">Reverberation time</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Six human listeners attempted to locate the sources of sine tones in three room environments with greatly different reverberation times. During the experiment, probe microphones recorded the signals in the listeners' ear canals in order to measure the interaural time differences (ITD) and the interaural level differences (ILD) that enable sound localization. Comparison of the interaural differences with listener localization responses showed the dominant weight of ITD at low frequencies and of ILD at high frequencies, consistent with Duplex theory. Equal ITD and ILD weights occurred at a crossover frequency between 400 and 600 Hz, apparently independent of room environment. Comparing results for near and far sources revealed dramatic effects of source distance on the correlations between interaural differences and source azimuths but little effect on the correlations between interaural differences and listener responses. Front-back reversals were rare for young listeners but frequent for older listeners. The experiment for intermediate reverberation time was repeated with headphones for the same six listeners using listener-specific signals from the rooms measurements. The frequency dependence of the weights for interaural cues was similar to that found in rooms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of the Acoustical Society of America is the property of American Institute of Physics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1121/10.0039111
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 14
        StartPage: 2048
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      – SubjectFull: Interaural time difference
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Acoustic localization
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Directional hearing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Signal separation
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      – SubjectFull: Reverberation time
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      – TitleFull: Localization of sound in rooms VI: Duplex theory.
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            – D: 01
              M: 09
              Text: Sep2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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