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Advancing the state of the art of cyclic direct simple shear Testing: Histories, current status, challenges and future trends.

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Title: Advancing the state of the art of cyclic direct simple shear Testing: Histories, current status, challenges and future trends.
Authors: Kang, Xin1 (AUTHOR) kangxin@hnu.edu.cn, Ma, Zi-Rui1 (AUTHOR) lousiem@hnu.edu.cn, Ge, Louis2 (AUTHOR) louisge@ntu.edu.tw
Source: Soil Dynamics & Earthquake Engineering (0267-7261). Dec2025, Vol. 199, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
Subjects: Soil testing, Earthquake engineering, Shear testing of soils, Shear waves, Soil liquefaction, Stress-strain curves, Strains & stresses (Mechanics), Soil mechanics
Abstract: The Cyclic Direct Simple Shear (CDSS) test, designed to simulate in-situ stress-strain behaviors during seismic loading, has become a widely used tool for assessing liquefaction potential and soil constitutive properties. Recent advancements have broadened its applications in constitutive modeling, unsaturated soil mechanics, and shear wave velocity measurement. However, the CDSS apparatus suffers from inherent limitations, including the absence of complementary shear stresses on vertical boundaries, stress and strain concentrations at platen edges, incomplete stress component measurement, potential for inaccurate soil property assessment, and assumptions required for Mohr' circle construction. These limitations, often overlooked by practitioners, can lead to unreliable results. This paper comprehensively reviews the histories, development, applications, and, critically, the limitations of CDSS testing. We examine the ongoing controversies surrounding its use, discuss future trends, and highlight both the appropriate engineering applications and the theoretical and experimental drawbacks. This review aims to provide a deeper understanding of CDSS testing and promote more informed interpretation of test results. • Traces DSS/CDSS development from 1931, highlighting key innovations and theoretical advancements. • Incomplete stress strain conditions and nonuniform strains limit the DSS/CDSS reliability, especially under large strains. • Assumptions in Mohr circle construction limit DSS's effectiveness for soil constitutive studies; DEM provides promising alternatives. • CDSS aids earthquake engineering but requires careful application for accurate response analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Soil Dynamics & Earthquake Engineering (0267-7261) is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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Header DbId: egs
DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 188601109
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Advancing the state of the art of cyclic direct simple shear Testing: Histories, current status, challenges and future trends.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Soil+testing%22">Soil testing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Earthquake+engineering%22">Earthquake engineering</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Shear+testing+of+soils%22">Shear testing of soils</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Shear+waves%22">Shear waves</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Soil+liquefaction%22">Soil liquefaction</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Stress-strain+curves%22">Stress-strain curves</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Strains+%26+stresses+%28Mechanics%29%22">Strains & stresses (Mechanics)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Soil+mechanics%22">Soil mechanics</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: The Cyclic Direct Simple Shear (CDSS) test, designed to simulate in-situ stress-strain behaviors during seismic loading, has become a widely used tool for assessing liquefaction potential and soil constitutive properties. Recent advancements have broadened its applications in constitutive modeling, unsaturated soil mechanics, and shear wave velocity measurement. However, the CDSS apparatus suffers from inherent limitations, including the absence of complementary shear stresses on vertical boundaries, stress and strain concentrations at platen edges, incomplete stress component measurement, potential for inaccurate soil property assessment, and assumptions required for Mohr' circle construction. These limitations, often overlooked by practitioners, can lead to unreliable results. This paper comprehensively reviews the histories, development, applications, and, critically, the limitations of CDSS testing. We examine the ongoing controversies surrounding its use, discuss future trends, and highlight both the appropriate engineering applications and the theoretical and experimental drawbacks. This review aims to provide a deeper understanding of CDSS testing and promote more informed interpretation of test results. • Traces DSS/CDSS development from 1931, highlighting key innovations and theoretical advancements. • Incomplete stress strain conditions and nonuniform strains limit the DSS/CDSS reliability, especially under large strains. • Assumptions in Mohr circle construction limit DSS's effectiveness for soil constitutive studies; DEM provides promising alternatives. • CDSS aids earthquake engineering but requires careful application for accurate response analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Soil Dynamics & Earthquake Engineering (0267-7261) is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109705
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 1
        StartPage: N.PAG
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Soil testing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Earthquake engineering
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Shear testing of soils
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Shear waves
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Soil liquefaction
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Stress-strain curves
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Strains & stresses (Mechanics)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Soil mechanics
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Advancing the state of the art of cyclic direct simple shear Testing: Histories, current status, challenges and future trends.
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
    HasContributorRelationships:
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Kang, Xin
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Ma, Zi-Rui
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Ge, Louis
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      – BibEntity:
          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 12
              Text: Dec2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-print
              Value: 02677261
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            – Type: volume
              Value: 199
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Soil Dynamics & Earthquake Engineering (0267-7261)
              Type: main
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