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Nonlocal Factors of the Convective Boundary Layer and Its Evening Transition Observed with Fixed and Mobile Ceilometers in the Santiago Valley.

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Title: Nonlocal Factors of the Convective Boundary Layer and Its Evening Transition Observed with Fixed and Mobile Ceilometers in the Santiago Valley.
Authors: Muñoz, Ricardo C.1 (AUTHOR) rmunoz@dgf.uchile.cl, Schmitz, Rainer2 (AUTHOR), Alcafuz, Ricardo3 (AUTHOR), Huneeus, Nicolás1,4 (AUTHOR), Alzola, Catalina1 (AUTHOR), Arriagada, Andrés2 (AUTHOR), Martínez, Andrés2 (AUTHOR)
Source: Journal of Applied Meteorology & Climatology. Oct2025, Vol. 64 Issue 10, p1357-1377. 21p.
Subjects: Convective boundary layer (Meteorology), Ceilometer, Internal waves, Air pollution, Aerosols, Boundary layer (Aerodynamics), Valleys, Meteorological observations
Geographic Terms: Santiago (Chile), Chile
Abstract: Results are presented of a 3-day intensive observational period carried out during a wintertime air pollution episode in the Santiago Valley in central Chile. The objective was to characterize nonlocal factors of the convective boundary layer (CBL) and evening transition (ET), including advective effects and the possible role of internal waves. The principal measurements were performed with a mobile ceilometer that probed the fine vertical structure of aerosols along two ∼70-km paths designed to assess the horizontal variation of the CBL inside the valley and the meridional structure of complex ET aerosol layers documented by previous studies. Ancillary observations included four fixed ceilometers, 3-hourly radiosondes, one tethered balloon system, occasional pilot balloons, and two automatic meteorological stations measuring wind above the standard 10 m AGL height. The CBL showed a terrain-following mode of horizontal variation in the center of the valley and a growth rate affected by a surface-detached early morning warming. A minimum-advection (MA) estimate of the energy and water CBL budgets suggests a 3.2 Bowen ratio for the valley surface fluxes. The complex ET aerosol layers were associated with southerly winds that brought clean air to the center of the valley displacing the CBL residual layer. During one ET, intense wind and pressure oscillations were observed presumably related to an internal gravity wave, with significant effects in surface winds, stability, and turbulence. The observations enhanced the understanding of this complex terrain boundary layer and provided data for the validation of its numerical modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Applied Meteorology & Climatology is the property of American Meteorological Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Nonlocal Factors of the Convective Boundary Layer and Its Evening Transition Observed with Fixed and Mobile Ceilometers in the Santiago Valley.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Muñoz%2C+Ricardo+C%2E%22">Muñoz, Ricardo C.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> rmunoz@dgf.uchile.cl</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Schmitz%2C+Rainer%22">Schmitz, Rainer</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Alcafuz%2C+Ricardo%22">Alcafuz, Ricardo</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Huneeus%2C+Nicolás%22">Huneeus, Nicolás</searchLink><relatesTo>1,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Alzola%2C+Catalina%22">Alzola, Catalina</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Arriagada%2C+Andrés%22">Arriagada, Andrés</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Martínez%2C+Andrés%22">Martínez, Andrés</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Applied+Meteorology+%26+Climatology%22">Journal of Applied Meteorology & Climatology</searchLink>. Oct2025, Vol. 64 Issue 10, p1357-1377. 21p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Santiago+%28Chile%29%22">Santiago (Chile)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Chile%22">Chile</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Results are presented of a 3-day intensive observational period carried out during a wintertime air pollution episode in the Santiago Valley in central Chile. The objective was to characterize nonlocal factors of the convective boundary layer (CBL) and evening transition (ET), including advective effects and the possible role of internal waves. The principal measurements were performed with a mobile ceilometer that probed the fine vertical structure of aerosols along two ∼70-km paths designed to assess the horizontal variation of the CBL inside the valley and the meridional structure of complex ET aerosol layers documented by previous studies. Ancillary observations included four fixed ceilometers, 3-hourly radiosondes, one tethered balloon system, occasional pilot balloons, and two automatic meteorological stations measuring wind above the standard 10 m AGL height. The CBL showed a terrain-following mode of horizontal variation in the center of the valley and a growth rate affected by a surface-detached early morning warming. A minimum-advection (MA) estimate of the energy and water CBL budgets suggests a 3.2 Bowen ratio for the valley surface fluxes. The complex ET aerosol layers were associated with southerly winds that brought clean air to the center of the valley displacing the CBL residual layer. During one ET, intense wind and pressure oscillations were observed presumably related to an internal gravity wave, with significant effects in surface winds, stability, and turbulence. The observations enhanced the understanding of this complex terrain boundary layer and provided data for the validation of its numerical modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Applied Meteorology & Climatology is the property of American Meteorological Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=egs&AN=188624098
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1175/JAMC-D-25-0019.1
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 21
        StartPage: 1357
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Convective boundary layer (Meteorology)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ceilometer
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Internal waves
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Air pollution
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Aerosols
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Boundary layer (Aerodynamics)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Valleys
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Meteorological observations
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Santiago (Chile)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Chile
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Nonlocal Factors of the Convective Boundary Layer and Its Evening Transition Observed with Fixed and Mobile Ceilometers in the Santiago Valley.
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            NameFull: Muñoz, Ricardo C.
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            NameFull: Schmitz, Rainer
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            NameFull: Alcafuz, Ricardo
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            NameFull: Alzola, Catalina
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            NameFull: Arriagada, Andrés
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              M: 10
              Text: Oct2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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