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Universal Bulk-Fill Composites: An Investigation into the Efficiency of Rapid Curing with Reversible Addition–Fragmentation-Chain Transfer (RAFT)-Mediated Polymerisation.

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Title: Universal Bulk-Fill Composites: An Investigation into the Efficiency of Rapid Curing with Reversible Addition–Fragmentation-Chain Transfer (RAFT)-Mediated Polymerisation.
Authors: Ilie, Nicoleta1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Materials (1996-1944). Oct2025, Vol. 18 Issue 19, p4489. 12p.
Subjects: Polymerization kinetics, Polymerization, Dental materials, Degree of polymerization, Addition polymerization, Infrared spectroscopy, Dental fillings
Abstract: Novel universal bulk-fill composites with reversible addition–fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT)-modulated polymerization continue the trend towards increasing simplification of the restoration process to facilitate the reconstruction of deep posterior restorations in 4 mm increments as well as anterior restorations through improved aesthetics. This study aims to assess the suitability of such materials for rapid curing (3 s) with high-radiant emittance in terms of degree of conversion (DC) and polymerization kinetics at relevant depths (2 mm vs. 4 mm). For this purpose, two newly introduced bulk-fill universal composites (Tetric® plus Flow and Tetric® plus Fill) were compared with already established fast-curing composites (Tetric® Power Flow and Tetric® Power Fill). DC was measured in real time over 300 s using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. The temporal DC evolution was modelled using an exponential sum function. Novel bulk-fill composites showed DC results that were independent of the measured sample depth or curing mode. The polymerization kinetics of all composites are somewhat slower in the gel phase at moderate irradiance or when measured at deeper layers, but compensate for the differences in the glass phase, finally reaching equivalent DC values by the end of the 300-s observation period. These novel composites are therefore suitable for rapid curing (3 s) at high irradiance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Universal Bulk-Fill Composites: An Investigation into the Efficiency of Rapid Curing with Reversible Addition–Fragmentation-Chain Transfer (RAFT)-Mediated Polymerisation.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Materials+%281996-1944%29%22">Materials (1996-1944)</searchLink>. Oct2025, Vol. 18 Issue 19, p4489. 12p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Polymerization+kinetics%22">Polymerization kinetics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Polymerization%22">Polymerization</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Dental+materials%22">Dental materials</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Degree+of+polymerization%22">Degree of polymerization</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Addition+polymerization%22">Addition polymerization</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Infrared+spectroscopy%22">Infrared spectroscopy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Dental+fillings%22">Dental fillings</searchLink>
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  Data: Novel universal bulk-fill composites with reversible addition–fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT)-modulated polymerization continue the trend towards increasing simplification of the restoration process to facilitate the reconstruction of deep posterior restorations in 4 mm increments as well as anterior restorations through improved aesthetics. This study aims to assess the suitability of such materials for rapid curing (3 s) with high-radiant emittance in terms of degree of conversion (DC) and polymerization kinetics at relevant depths (2 mm vs. 4 mm). For this purpose, two newly introduced bulk-fill universal composites (Tetric® plus Flow and Tetric® plus Fill) were compared with already established fast-curing composites (Tetric® Power Flow and Tetric® Power Fill). DC was measured in real time over 300 s using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. The temporal DC evolution was modelled using an exponential sum function. Novel bulk-fill composites showed DC results that were independent of the measured sample depth or curing mode. The polymerization kinetics of all composites are somewhat slower in the gel phase at moderate irradiance or when measured at deeper layers, but compensate for the differences in the glass phase, finally reaching equivalent DC values by the end of the 300-s observation period. These novel composites are therefore suitable for rapid curing (3 s) at high irradiance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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    Identifiers:
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        Value: 10.3390/ma18194489
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 12
        StartPage: 4489
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Polymerization kinetics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Polymerization
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Dental materials
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Degree of polymerization
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Addition polymerization
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Infrared spectroscopy
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Dental fillings
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Universal Bulk-Fill Composites: An Investigation into the Efficiency of Rapid Curing with Reversible Addition–Fragmentation-Chain Transfer (RAFT)-Mediated Polymerisation.
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            – D: 01
              M: 10
              Text: Oct2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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              Value: 18
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              Value: 19
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            – TitleFull: Materials (1996-1944)
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