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Long-Term Evaluation of CNT-Clad Stainless-Steel Cathodes in Multi-Channel Microbial Electrolysis Cells Under Variable Conditions.

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Title: Long-Term Evaluation of CNT-Clad Stainless-Steel Cathodes in Multi-Channel Microbial Electrolysis Cells Under Variable Conditions.
Authors: Linowski, Kevin1 (AUTHOR), Islam, Md Zahidul2 (AUTHOR), Wang, Luguang3 (AUTHOR), Long, Fei1,4 (AUTHOR), Yu, Choongho1,2,4 (AUTHOR), Liu, Hong1,2 (AUTHOR) hong.liu@oregonstate.edu
Source: Energies (19961073). Oct2025, Vol. 18 Issue 19, p5241. 23p.
Subjects: Cathode efficiency, Carbon nanotubes, Wastewater treatment, Renewable energy sources, Hydrogen production, Electrochemical analysis, Microbial fuel cells
Abstract: Microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) present a viable platform for sustainable hydrogen generation from organic waste, but their scalability is limited by cathode performance, cost, and durability. This study evaluates three hybrid carbon nanotube (CNT) cathodes—acid-washed CNT (AW-CNT), thin layer non-acid-washed CNT (TN-NAW-CNT), and thick layer non-acid-washed CNT (TK-NAW-CNT)—each composed of stainless-steel-supported CNTs coated with molybdenum phosphide (MoP). These were benchmarked against woven carbon cloth (WCC) under varied operational conditions. A custom multi-channel reactor operated for 341 days, testing cathode performance across applied voltages (0.7–1.2 V), buffer types (phosphate vs. bicarbonate), pH (7.0 and 8.5), buffer concentrations (10–200 mM), and substrates including acetate, lactate, and treated acid whey. CNT-based cathodes consistently showed higher current densities than WCC across most conditions with significant difference found at higher applied voltages. TK-NAW-CNT achieved peak current densities of 259 A m−2 at 1.2 V and maintained >41 A m−2 in real-waste conditions with no added buffer. Long-term performance losses were minimal: 4.5% (TN-NAW-CNT), 0.1% (TK-NAW-CNT), 10.8% (AW-CNT), and 6.8% (WCC). CNT cathodes showed improved performance from reduced resistance and greater electrochemical stability, while proton transfer improvements benefited all materials due to buffer type and pH conditions. These results highlight CNT-based cathodes as promising, scalable alternatives to WCC for energy-positive wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Energies (19961073) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Long-Term Evaluation of CNT-Clad Stainless-Steel Cathodes in Multi-Channel Microbial Electrolysis Cells Under Variable Conditions.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Linowski%2C+Kevin%22">Linowski, Kevin</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Islam%2C+Md+Zahidul%22">Islam, Md Zahidul</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Luguang%22">Wang, Luguang</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Long%2C+Fei%22">Long, Fei</searchLink><relatesTo>1,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yu%2C+Choongho%22">Yu, Choongho</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Liu%2C+Hong%22">Liu, Hong</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> hong.liu@oregonstate.edu</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Energies+%2819961073%29%22">Energies (19961073)</searchLink>. Oct2025, Vol. 18 Issue 19, p5241. 23p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cathode+efficiency%22">Cathode efficiency</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Carbon+nanotubes%22">Carbon nanotubes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Wastewater+treatment%22">Wastewater treatment</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Renewable+energy+sources%22">Renewable energy sources</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Hydrogen+production%22">Hydrogen production</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electrochemical+analysis%22">Electrochemical analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Microbial+fuel+cells%22">Microbial fuel cells</searchLink>
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) present a viable platform for sustainable hydrogen generation from organic waste, but their scalability is limited by cathode performance, cost, and durability. This study evaluates three hybrid carbon nanotube (CNT) cathodes—acid-washed CNT (AW-CNT), thin layer non-acid-washed CNT (TN-NAW-CNT), and thick layer non-acid-washed CNT (TK-NAW-CNT)—each composed of stainless-steel-supported CNTs coated with molybdenum phosphide (MoP). These were benchmarked against woven carbon cloth (WCC) under varied operational conditions. A custom multi-channel reactor operated for 341 days, testing cathode performance across applied voltages (0.7–1.2 V), buffer types (phosphate vs. bicarbonate), pH (7.0 and 8.5), buffer concentrations (10–200 mM), and substrates including acetate, lactate, and treated acid whey. CNT-based cathodes consistently showed higher current densities than WCC across most conditions with significant difference found at higher applied voltages. TK-NAW-CNT achieved peak current densities of 259 A m−2 at 1.2 V and maintained >41 A m−2 in real-waste conditions with no added buffer. Long-term performance losses were minimal: 4.5% (TN-NAW-CNT), 0.1% (TK-NAW-CNT), 10.8% (AW-CNT), and 6.8% (WCC). CNT cathodes showed improved performance from reduced resistance and greater electrochemical stability, while proton transfer improvements benefited all materials due to buffer type and pH conditions. These results highlight CNT-based cathodes as promising, scalable alternatives to WCC for energy-positive wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Energies (19961073) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/en18195241
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        Text: English
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        PageCount: 23
        StartPage: 5241
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      – SubjectFull: Cathode efficiency
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Carbon nanotubes
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Wastewater treatment
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Renewable energy sources
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      – SubjectFull: Hydrogen production
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      – SubjectFull: Electrochemical analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Microbial fuel cells
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Long-Term Evaluation of CNT-Clad Stainless-Steel Cathodes in Multi-Channel Microbial Electrolysis Cells Under Variable Conditions.
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            NameFull: Linowski, Kevin
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            NameFull: Islam, Md Zahidul
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            – D: 01
              M: 10
              Text: Oct2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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