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Development and Characterization of Sustainable Biocomposites from Wood Fibers, Spent Coffee Grounds, and Ammonium Lignosulfonate.

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Title: Development and Characterization of Sustainable Biocomposites from Wood Fibers, Spent Coffee Grounds, and Ammonium Lignosulfonate.
Authors: Savov, Viktor1 (AUTHOR) yusein@ltu.bg, Antov, Petar1,2 (AUTHOR) v.dudeva@ltu.bg, Kostadinova-Slaveva, Alexsandrina2,3 (AUTHOR), Yusein, Jansu1 (AUTHOR), Dudeva, Viktoria1,2 (AUTHOR), Todorova, Ekaterina2,3 (AUTHOR), Petrin, Stoyko3 (AUTHOR)
Source: Polymers (20734360). Oct2025, Vol. 17 Issue 19, p2589. 19p.
Subjects: Coffee grounds, Lignosulfonates, Fibrous composites, Plant fibers, Mechanical behavior of materials, Urea-formaldehyde resins, Biodegradation, Lignins
Abstract: Coffee processing generates large volumes of spent coffee grounds (SCGs), which contain 30–40% hemicellulose, 8.6–13.3% cellulose, and 25–33% lignin, making them a promising lignin-rich filler for biocomposites. Conventional wood composites rely on urea-formaldehyde (UF), melamine–urea–formaldehyde (MUF), and phenol–formaldehyde resins (PF), which dominate 95% of the market. Although formaldehyde emissions from these resins can be mitigated through strict hygiene standards and technological measures, concerns remain due to their classification as category 1B carcinogens under EU regulations. In this study, fiber-based biocomposites were fabricated from thermomechanical wood fibers, SCGs, and ammonium lignosulfonate (ALS). SCGs and ALS were mixed in a 1:1 ratio and incorporated at 40–75% of the oven-dry fiber mass. Hot pressing was performed at 150 °C under 1.1–1.8 MPa to produce panels with a nominal density of 750 kg m−3, and we subsequently tested them for their physical properties (density, water absorption (WA), and thickness swelling (TS)), mechanical properties (modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), and internal bond (IB) strength), and thermal behavior and biodegradation performance. A binder content of 50% yielded MOE ≈ 2707 N mm−2 and MOR ≈ 22.6 N mm−2, comparable to UF-bonded medium-density fiberboards (MDFs) for dry-use applications. Higher binder contents resulted in reduced strength and increased WA values. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTG) revealed an inorganic residue of 2.9–8.5% and slower burning compared to the UF-bonded panels. These results demonstrate that SCGs and ALS can be co-utilized as a renewable, formaldehyde-free adhesive system for manufacturing wood fiber composites, achieving adequate performance for value-added practical applications while advancing sustainable material development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Development and Characterization of Sustainable Biocomposites from Wood Fibers, Spent Coffee Grounds, and Ammonium Lignosulfonate.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Savov%2C+Viktor%22">Savov, Viktor</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> yusein@ltu.bg</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Antov%2C+Petar%22">Antov, Petar</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> v.dudeva@ltu.bg</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kostadinova-Slaveva%2C+Alexsandrina%22">Kostadinova-Slaveva, Alexsandrina</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yusein%2C+Jansu%22">Yusein, Jansu</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Dudeva%2C+Viktoria%22">Dudeva, Viktoria</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Todorova%2C+Ekaterina%22">Todorova, Ekaterina</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Petrin%2C+Stoyko%22">Petrin, Stoyko</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Polymers+%2820734360%29%22">Polymers (20734360)</searchLink>. Oct2025, Vol. 17 Issue 19, p2589. 19p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Coffee+grounds%22">Coffee grounds</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Lignosulfonates%22">Lignosulfonates</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fibrous+composites%22">Fibrous composites</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Plant+fibers%22">Plant fibers</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mechanical+behavior+of+materials%22">Mechanical behavior of materials</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Urea-formaldehyde+resins%22">Urea-formaldehyde resins</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Biodegradation%22">Biodegradation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Lignins%22">Lignins</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Coffee processing generates large volumes of spent coffee grounds (SCGs), which contain 30–40% hemicellulose, 8.6–13.3% cellulose, and 25–33% lignin, making them a promising lignin-rich filler for biocomposites. Conventional wood composites rely on urea-formaldehyde (UF), melamine–urea–formaldehyde (MUF), and phenol–formaldehyde resins (PF), which dominate 95% of the market. Although formaldehyde emissions from these resins can be mitigated through strict hygiene standards and technological measures, concerns remain due to their classification as category 1B carcinogens under EU regulations. In this study, fiber-based biocomposites were fabricated from thermomechanical wood fibers, SCGs, and ammonium lignosulfonate (ALS). SCGs and ALS were mixed in a 1:1 ratio and incorporated at 40–75% of the oven-dry fiber mass. Hot pressing was performed at 150 °C under 1.1–1.8 MPa to produce panels with a nominal density of 750 kg m−3, and we subsequently tested them for their physical properties (density, water absorption (WA), and thickness swelling (TS)), mechanical properties (modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), and internal bond (IB) strength), and thermal behavior and biodegradation performance. A binder content of 50% yielded MOE ≈ 2707 N mm−2 and MOR ≈ 22.6 N mm−2, comparable to UF-bonded medium-density fiberboards (MDFs) for dry-use applications. Higher binder contents resulted in reduced strength and increased WA values. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTG) revealed an inorganic residue of 2.9–8.5% and slower burning compared to the UF-bonded panels. These results demonstrate that SCGs and ALS can be co-utilized as a renewable, formaldehyde-free adhesive system for manufacturing wood fiber composites, achieving adequate performance for value-added practical applications while advancing sustainable material development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/polym17192589
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 19
        StartPage: 2589
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Coffee grounds
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Lignosulfonates
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fibrous composites
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Plant fibers
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mechanical behavior of materials
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Urea-formaldehyde resins
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Biodegradation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Lignins
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Development and Characterization of Sustainable Biocomposites from Wood Fibers, Spent Coffee Grounds, and Ammonium Lignosulfonate.
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            NameFull: Antov, Petar
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            NameFull: Kostadinova-Slaveva, Alexsandrina
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            NameFull: Yusein, Jansu
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            NameFull: Dudeva, Viktoria
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            – D: 01
              M: 10
              Text: Oct2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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