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Evaluation of Nanodiamond-in-Oil Emulsion with Snake Venom to Enhance Potent Antibody Induction in Mice and Rabbits.

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Title: Evaluation of Nanodiamond-in-Oil Emulsion with Snake Venom to Enhance Potent Antibody Induction in Mice and Rabbits.
Authors: Lin, Min-Han1 (AUTHOR), Su, Long-Jyun2 (AUTHOR), Lin, Hsin-Hung2,3 (AUTHOR), Chen, Liang-Yu1,2 (AUTHOR), Husna, Asmaul2,3 (AUTHOR), Sung, Wang-Chou1,3 (AUTHOR) sung23@nhri.edu.tw
Source: Nanomaterials (2079-4991). Oct2025, Vol. 15 Issue 19, p1518. 13p.
Subjects: Nanodiamonds, Snake venom, Antibody formation, Antivenins, Immune response, Immunological adjuvants, Biocompatibility, Immunization
Abstract: Nanodiamonds (NDs) are an innovative material in biomedical applications based on their excellent biocompatibility, nanoscale dimensions, and high surface area. In this study, we evaluated the potential of ND-in-oil emulsion to induce potent antibody responses in animals immunized with cobra venom. NDs demonstrated the capacity to bind complex venom proteins as stable conjugates, well dispersed in aqueous solution. Immunization of mice with cobra venom incorporated with ND-in-oil emulsion adjuvant (ND/venom) elicited strong venom-specific antibody responses with titers comparable to those induced by venom formulation with conventional Freund's adjuvants (FA/venom). IgG subclass analysis revealed that ND- and FA-based formulations induced a Th2-biased immune response in mice. Moreover, antibodies elicited by ND/venom or FA/venom immunization specifically recognized the epitopes of the lethal component of short-chain neurotoxin and conferred full protection against lethal cobra venom challenge (3LD50). Further, ND/venom hyperimmunization was capable of inducing high levels of neutralizing antibodies in larger animals, rabbits, highlighting the potential for antivenom manufacturing. Notably, there were no obvious lesions at the injection sites of animals that received ND/venom, in contrast to those that received FA/venom. These findings indicated NDs as an effective and safe additive in venom formulation for antivenom production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Nanomaterials (2079-4991) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Evaluation of Nanodiamond-in-Oil Emulsion with Snake Venom to Enhance Potent Antibody Induction in Mice and Rabbits.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Nanomaterials+%282079-4991%29%22">Nanomaterials (2079-4991)</searchLink>. Oct2025, Vol. 15 Issue 19, p1518. 13p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Nanodiamonds%22">Nanodiamonds</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Snake+venom%22">Snake venom</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Antibody+formation%22">Antibody formation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Antivenins%22">Antivenins</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Immune+response%22">Immune response</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Immunological+adjuvants%22">Immunological adjuvants</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Biocompatibility%22">Biocompatibility</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Immunization%22">Immunization</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Nanodiamonds (NDs) are an innovative material in biomedical applications based on their excellent biocompatibility, nanoscale dimensions, and high surface area. In this study, we evaluated the potential of ND-in-oil emulsion to induce potent antibody responses in animals immunized with cobra venom. NDs demonstrated the capacity to bind complex venom proteins as stable conjugates, well dispersed in aqueous solution. Immunization of mice with cobra venom incorporated with ND-in-oil emulsion adjuvant (ND/venom) elicited strong venom-specific antibody responses with titers comparable to those induced by venom formulation with conventional Freund's adjuvants (FA/venom). IgG subclass analysis revealed that ND- and FA-based formulations induced a Th2-biased immune response in mice. Moreover, antibodies elicited by ND/venom or FA/venom immunization specifically recognized the epitopes of the lethal component of short-chain neurotoxin and conferred full protection against lethal cobra venom challenge (3LD50). Further, ND/venom hyperimmunization was capable of inducing high levels of neutralizing antibodies in larger animals, rabbits, highlighting the potential for antivenom manufacturing. Notably, there were no obvious lesions at the injection sites of animals that received ND/venom, in contrast to those that received FA/venom. These findings indicated NDs as an effective and safe additive in venom formulation for antivenom production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Nanomaterials (2079-4991) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/nano15191518
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 13
        StartPage: 1518
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Nanodiamonds
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Snake venom
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Antibody formation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Antivenins
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Immune response
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Immunological adjuvants
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Biocompatibility
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Immunization
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Evaluation of Nanodiamond-in-Oil Emulsion with Snake Venom to Enhance Potent Antibody Induction in Mice and Rabbits.
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            NameFull: Lin, Min-Han
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            NameFull: Su, Long-Jyun
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            NameFull: Lin, Hsin-Hung
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            NameFull: Chen, Liang-Yu
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            – D: 01
              M: 10
              Text: Oct2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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              Value: 15
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