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Chitosan- graft -poly(N -vinylcaprolactam) Nanoparticles Containing Crotalus atrox Snake Venom: Biological and Physicochemical Characterization †.

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Title: Chitosan- graft -poly(N -vinylcaprolactam) Nanoparticles Containing Crotalus atrox Snake Venom: Biological and Physicochemical Characterization †.
Authors: Rudy, Serena Sophia1 (AUTHOR), Jimenez-Canale, Jorge2 (AUTHOR), Sarabia-Sainz, Jose A.3 (AUTHOR), Guzmán Partida, Ana María4 (AUTHOR), Burgara-Estrella, Alexel J.3,5 (AUTHOR), Silva-Campa, Erika3,6 (AUTHOR), Angulo Molina, Aracely3,5,7 (AUTHOR), Montiel-Herrera, Marcelino6,8 (AUTHOR), Flores-Ramírez, Nelly1,7 (AUTHOR), Zavala-Rivera, Paul2,8 (AUTHOR), Fernández-Quiroz, Daniel3,8 (AUTHOR)
Source: Nanomaterials (2079-4991). Oct2025, Vol. 15 Issue 19, p1538. 21p.
Subjects: Nanoparticles, Snake venom, Chitosan, Nanocarriers, Medical research, Cytotoxins, Breast cancer
Abstract: The development of snake venom-loaded nanobiosystems based on smart biopolymers represents a promising therapeutic approach in several biomedical research fields. Specifically, the western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) contains various bioactive peptides and proteins with reported antitumor activity. This research aimed to establish a simplistic, facile and straightforward protocol for preparing chitosan-g-poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) nanoparticles containing C. atrox venom for potential use as a therapeutic nanocarrier against breast carcinoma cell lines. Herein, the physicochemical properties of venom-loaded nanoparticles were evaluated by FTIR, DLS, and SDS-PAGE. Also, the biological properties of both C. atrox venom and Cs-Venom NPs such as hemagglutination and hemolysis activity were evaluated in vitro. Finally, we evaluated their cytotoxic activity against two breast carcinoma cell lines (T-47D and MDA-MB-231). The most suitable formulation exhibited a hydrodynamic size of 222 nm, a ζ-potential of 42.0 mV and an encapsulation efficiency of 88.6%. C. atrox venom exhibited hemagglutination at concentrations >15 µg/mL but, no hemagglutination or hemolysis was observed for the CS-Venom NPs. Lastly, the IC50 of Cs-Venom NPs was determined for the T-47D and MDA-MB-231 cell lines, at 61.7 and 59.0 µg/mL, respectively. Thus, Cs-Venom NPs exhibit promising properties that can be considered a feasible alternative for developing controlled-release therapeutic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Nanomaterials (2079-4991) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Chitosan- graft -poly(N -vinylcaprolactam) Nanoparticles Containing Crotalus atrox Snake Venom: Biological and Physicochemical Characterization †.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rudy%2C+Serena+Sophia%22">Rudy, Serena Sophia</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jimenez-Canale%2C+Jorge%22">Jimenez-Canale, Jorge</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sarabia-Sainz%2C+Jose+A%2E%22">Sarabia-Sainz, Jose A.</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Guzmán+Partida%2C+Ana+María%22">Guzmán Partida, Ana María</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Burgara-Estrella%2C+Alexel+J%2E%22">Burgara-Estrella, Alexel J.</searchLink><relatesTo>3,5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Silva-Campa%2C+Erika%22">Silva-Campa, Erika</searchLink><relatesTo>3,6</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Angulo+Molina%2C+Aracely%22">Angulo Molina, Aracely</searchLink><relatesTo>3,5,7</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Montiel-Herrera%2C+Marcelino%22">Montiel-Herrera, Marcelino</searchLink><relatesTo>6,8</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Flores-Ramírez%2C+Nelly%22">Flores-Ramírez, Nelly</searchLink><relatesTo>1,7</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zavala-Rivera%2C+Paul%22">Zavala-Rivera, Paul</searchLink><relatesTo>2,8</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Fernández-Quiroz%2C+Daniel%22">Fernández-Quiroz, Daniel</searchLink><relatesTo>3,8</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Nanomaterials+%282079-4991%29%22">Nanomaterials (2079-4991)</searchLink>. Oct2025, Vol. 15 Issue 19, p1538. 21p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Nanoparticles%22">Nanoparticles</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Snake+venom%22">Snake venom</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Chitosan%22">Chitosan</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Nanocarriers%22">Nanocarriers</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Medical+research%22">Medical research</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cytotoxins%22">Cytotoxins</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Breast+cancer%22">Breast cancer</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: The development of snake venom-loaded nanobiosystems based on smart biopolymers represents a promising therapeutic approach in several biomedical research fields. Specifically, the western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) contains various bioactive peptides and proteins with reported antitumor activity. This research aimed to establish a simplistic, facile and straightforward protocol for preparing chitosan-g-poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) nanoparticles containing C. atrox venom for potential use as a therapeutic nanocarrier against breast carcinoma cell lines. Herein, the physicochemical properties of venom-loaded nanoparticles were evaluated by FTIR, DLS, and SDS-PAGE. Also, the biological properties of both C. atrox venom and Cs-Venom NPs such as hemagglutination and hemolysis activity were evaluated in vitro. Finally, we evaluated their cytotoxic activity against two breast carcinoma cell lines (T-47D and MDA-MB-231). The most suitable formulation exhibited a hydrodynamic size of 222 nm, a ζ-potential of 42.0 mV and an encapsulation efficiency of 88.6%. C. atrox venom exhibited hemagglutination at concentrations >15 µg/mL but, no hemagglutination or hemolysis was observed for the CS-Venom NPs. Lastly, the IC50 of Cs-Venom NPs was determined for the T-47D and MDA-MB-231 cell lines, at 61.7 and 59.0 µg/mL, respectively. Thus, Cs-Venom NPs exhibit promising properties that can be considered a feasible alternative for developing controlled-release therapeutic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Nanomaterials (2079-4991) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/nano15191538
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 21
        StartPage: 1538
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Nanoparticles
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Snake venom
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Chitosan
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Nanocarriers
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Medical research
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cytotoxins
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      – SubjectFull: Breast cancer
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      – TitleFull: Chitosan- graft -poly(N -vinylcaprolactam) Nanoparticles Containing Crotalus atrox Snake Venom: Biological and Physicochemical Characterization †.
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              M: 10
              Text: Oct2025
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              Y: 2025
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