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Simulation of the background from 13C(α,n)16O reaction in the JUNO scintillator.

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Title: Simulation of the background from 13C(α,n)16O reaction in the JUNO scintillator.
Authors: Adam, Thomas1 (AUTHOR), Adamowicz, Kai2 (AUTHOR), Ahmad, Shakeel3 (AUTHOR), Ahmed, Rizwan3 (AUTHOR), Aiello, Sebastiano4 (AUTHOR), An, Fengpeng5 (AUTHOR), Andreopoulos, Costas6 (AUTHOR), Andronico, Giuseppe4 (AUTHOR), Anfimov, Nikolay7 (AUTHOR), Antonelli, Vito8 (AUTHOR), Antoshkina, Tatiana7 (AUTHOR), Athayde Marcondes de André, João Pedro1 (AUTHOR), Auguste, Didier9 (AUTHOR), Bai, Weidong5 (AUTHOR), Balashov, Nikita7 (AUTHOR), Barresi, Andrea10 (AUTHOR), Basilico, Davide8 (AUTHOR), Baussan, Eric1 (AUTHOR), Beretta, Marco8 (AUTHOR), Bergnoli, Antonio11 (AUTHOR)
Source: European Physical Journal C -- Particles & Fields. Sep2025, Vol. 85 Issue 9, p1-21. 21p.
Subjects: Antineutrinos, Liquid scintillators, Nuclear reactions, Neutrino detectors, Scintillators, Monte Carlo method, Neutron capture
Abstract: Large-scale organic liquid scintillator detectors are highly efficient in the detection of MeV-scale electron antineutrinos. These signal events can be detected through inverse beta decay on protons, which produce a positron accompanied by a neutron. A noteworthy background for antineutrinos coming from nuclear power reactors and from the depths of the Earth (geoneutrinos) is generated by ( α , n ) reactions. In organic liquid scintillator detectors, α particles emitted from intrinsic contaminants such as 238 U, 232 Th, and 210 Pb/ 210 Po, can be captured on 13 C nuclei, followed by the emission of a MeV-scale neutron. Three distinct interaction mechanisms can produce prompt energy depositions preceding the delayed neutron capture, leading to a pair of events correlated in space and time within the detector. Thus, ( α , n ) reactions represent an indistinguishable background in liquid scintillator-based antineutrino detectors, where their expected rate and energy spectrum are typically evaluated via Monte Carlo simulations. This work presents results from the open-source SaG4n software, used to calculate the expected energy depositions from the neutron and any associated de-excitation products. Also simulated is a detailed detector response to these interactions, using a dedicated Geant4-based simulation software from the JUNO experiment. An expected measurable 13 C (α , n) 16 O event rate and reconstructed prompt energy spectrum with associated uncertainties, are presented in the context of JUNO, however, the methods and results are applicable and relevant to other organic liquid scintillator neutrino detectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of European Physical Journal C -- Particles & Fields is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Simulation of the background from 13C(α,n)16O reaction in the JUNO scintillator.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Adam%2C+Thomas%22">Adam, Thomas</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Adamowicz%2C+Kai%22">Adamowicz, Kai</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ahmad%2C+Shakeel%22">Ahmad, Shakeel</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ahmed%2C+Rizwan%22">Ahmed, Rizwan</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Aiello%2C+Sebastiano%22">Aiello, Sebastiano</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22An%2C+Fengpeng%22">An, Fengpeng</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Andreopoulos%2C+Costas%22">Andreopoulos, Costas</searchLink><relatesTo>6</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Andronico%2C+Giuseppe%22">Andronico, Giuseppe</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Anfimov%2C+Nikolay%22">Anfimov, Nikolay</searchLink><relatesTo>7</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Antonelli%2C+Vito%22">Antonelli, Vito</searchLink><relatesTo>8</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Antoshkina%2C+Tatiana%22">Antoshkina, Tatiana</searchLink><relatesTo>7</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Athayde+Marcondes+de+André%2C+João+Pedro%22">Athayde Marcondes de André, João Pedro</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Auguste%2C+Didier%22">Auguste, Didier</searchLink><relatesTo>9</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bai%2C+Weidong%22">Bai, Weidong</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Balashov%2C+Nikita%22">Balashov, Nikita</searchLink><relatesTo>7</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Barresi%2C+Andrea%22">Barresi, Andrea</searchLink><relatesTo>10</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Basilico%2C+Davide%22">Basilico, Davide</searchLink><relatesTo>8</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Baussan%2C+Eric%22">Baussan, Eric</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Beretta%2C+Marco%22">Beretta, Marco</searchLink><relatesTo>8</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bergnoli%2C+Antonio%22">Bergnoli, Antonio</searchLink><relatesTo>11</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22European+Physical+Journal+C+--+Particles+%26+Fields%22">European Physical Journal C -- Particles & Fields</searchLink>. Sep2025, Vol. 85 Issue 9, p1-21. 21p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Antineutrinos%22">Antineutrinos</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Liquid+scintillators%22">Liquid scintillators</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Nuclear+reactions%22">Nuclear reactions</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Neutrino+detectors%22">Neutrino detectors</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Scintillators%22">Scintillators</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Monte+Carlo+method%22">Monte Carlo method</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Neutron+capture%22">Neutron capture</searchLink>
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Large-scale organic liquid scintillator detectors are highly efficient in the detection of MeV-scale electron antineutrinos. These signal events can be detected through inverse beta decay on protons, which produce a positron accompanied by a neutron. A noteworthy background for antineutrinos coming from nuclear power reactors and from the depths of the Earth (geoneutrinos) is generated by ( α , n ) reactions. In organic liquid scintillator detectors, α particles emitted from intrinsic contaminants such as 238 U, 232 Th, and 210 Pb/ 210 Po, can be captured on 13 C nuclei, followed by the emission of a MeV-scale neutron. Three distinct interaction mechanisms can produce prompt energy depositions preceding the delayed neutron capture, leading to a pair of events correlated in space and time within the detector. Thus, ( α , n ) reactions represent an indistinguishable background in liquid scintillator-based antineutrino detectors, where their expected rate and energy spectrum are typically evaluated via Monte Carlo simulations. This work presents results from the open-source SaG4n software, used to calculate the expected energy depositions from the neutron and any associated de-excitation products. Also simulated is a detailed detector response to these interactions, using a dedicated Geant4-based simulation software from the JUNO experiment. An expected measurable 13 C (α , n) 16 O event rate and reconstructed prompt energy spectrum with associated uncertainties, are presented in the context of JUNO, however, the methods and results are applicable and relevant to other organic liquid scintillator neutrino detectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
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  Data: <i>Copyright of European Physical Journal C -- Particles & Fields is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14333-4
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        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Antineutrinos
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      – SubjectFull: Liquid scintillators
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      – SubjectFull: Nuclear reactions
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      – SubjectFull: Neutron capture
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