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Predicting Stabilized Soil Mixture Proportions for 3D Printing: Preliminary Study Using the Design of Experiments Approach.

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Title: Predicting Stabilized Soil Mixture Proportions for 3D Printing: Preliminary Study Using the Design of Experiments Approach.
Authors: Matos, Ana Mafalda1 (AUTHOR) ana.matos@fe.up.pt, Emiroglu, Mehmet2 (AUTHOR) mehmetemiroglu@sakarya.edu.tr, Milheiro, Paula3 (AUTHOR) poliv@fe.up.pt
Source: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. Dec2025, Vol. 37 Issue 12, p1-14. 14p.
Subjects: Soil stabilization, Three-dimensional printing, Materials science, Soil structure, Mathematical optimization, Experimental design, Plasticizers
Abstract: The development of three-dimensional (3D)-printed earth construction frameworks is limited. From a materials science perspective, the mix proportioning of earth-based printable materials is a critical issue, primarily due to (1) the requirements in the fresh state, (2) the need for adequate stabilization, and (3) the variability of raw natural materials, which necessitates their characterization. This study aims to investigate stabilized soil for 3D printing. To achieve this, a central composite design (CCD) was followed in order to identify statistical models capable that can describe key properties of stabilized earth mixtures, namely, slump, Casagrande (CS), mass loss, and compressive strength, as functions of the following mixture input parameters: water-to-powder volume ratio (Vw/Vp), superplasticizer-to-powder weight ratio (Sp/p), and limestone filler-to-cement weight ratio (lf/c). Both potential printable and nonprintable stabilized earth mixtures were obtained, and Vw/Vp exhibited the main effect in all output properties evaluated. On the other hand, the mixture parameter lf/c did not influence the selected output properties. This is not surprising because the lf/c proportion in the earth composite is very small compared with the other powder materials (cement and soil). The superplasticizer had a significant impact on the fresh state, slump, and CS. A numerical optimization technique based on the desirability function was applied to the derived models to determine potential stabilized soil printable mixture ratios. Solutions were found for Vw/Vp ranging from 1.760 to1.852, while covering all Sp/p ranges of the CCD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering is the property of American Society of Civil Engineers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Predicting Stabilized Soil Mixture Proportions for 3D Printing: Preliminary Study Using the Design of Experiments Approach.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Soil+stabilization%22">Soil stabilization</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Three-dimensional+printing%22">Three-dimensional printing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Materials+science%22">Materials science</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Soil+structure%22">Soil structure</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mathematical+optimization%22">Mathematical optimization</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Experimental+design%22">Experimental design</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Plasticizers%22">Plasticizers</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: The development of three-dimensional (3D)-printed earth construction frameworks is limited. From a materials science perspective, the mix proportioning of earth-based printable materials is a critical issue, primarily due to (1) the requirements in the fresh state, (2) the need for adequate stabilization, and (3) the variability of raw natural materials, which necessitates their characterization. This study aims to investigate stabilized soil for 3D printing. To achieve this, a central composite design (CCD) was followed in order to identify statistical models capable that can describe key properties of stabilized earth mixtures, namely, slump, Casagrande (CS), mass loss, and compressive strength, as functions of the following mixture input parameters: water-to-powder volume ratio (Vw/Vp), superplasticizer-to-powder weight ratio (Sp/p), and limestone filler-to-cement weight ratio (lf/c). Both potential printable and nonprintable stabilized earth mixtures were obtained, and Vw/Vp exhibited the main effect in all output properties evaluated. On the other hand, the mixture parameter lf/c did not influence the selected output properties. This is not surprising because the lf/c proportion in the earth composite is very small compared with the other powder materials (cement and soil). The superplasticizer had a significant impact on the fresh state, slump, and CS. A numerical optimization technique based on the desirability function was applied to the derived models to determine potential stabilized soil printable mixture ratios. Solutions were found for Vw/Vp ranging from 1.760 to1.852, while covering all Sp/p ranges of the CCD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering is the property of American Society of Civil Engineers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1061/JMCEE7.MTENG-19825
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 14
        StartPage: 1
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Soil stabilization
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Three-dimensional printing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Materials science
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Soil structure
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mathematical optimization
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Experimental design
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Plasticizers
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Predicting Stabilized Soil Mixture Proportions for 3D Printing: Preliminary Study Using the Design of Experiments Approach.
        Type: main
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          Name:
            NameFull: Matos, Ana Mafalda
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            NameFull: Emiroglu, Mehmet
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            NameFull: Milheiro, Paula
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            – D: 01
              M: 12
              Text: Dec2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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              Value: 37
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            – TitleFull: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
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