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Reconstruction of cosmic ray air shower core location at SURA experiment.

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Title: Reconstruction of cosmic ray air shower core location at SURA experiment.
Authors: Latifian, Fatemeh1 (AUTHOR), Rastegarzadeh, Gohar1 (AUTHOR) grastegar@semnan.ac.ir
Source: Journal of Astrophysics & Astronomy. 10/18/2025, Vol. 46 Issue 2, p1-10. 10p.
Subjects: Ultra-high energy cosmic rays, Cosmic ray showers, Observatories, Cosmic rays, Radio waves
Abstract: The Semnan University Radio Array (SURA) is a self-triggered radio array located on the roof of the Physics Faculty at Semnan University in Iran. It is designed to detect radio emissions from air showers generated by ultra-high energy (UHE) cosmic rays with energies exceeding 10 17 eV. The array consists of 4 Log-Periodic Dipole Antennas (LPDAs) operating in the 40–80 MHz range. In this study, we present a method for reconstructing the core location of extensive air showers (EAS) by comparing the signal intensities of simulated and experimental data. We employ a simulated dense array as a reference and determine the core location by matching the experimental signal intensity of each antenna with the corresponding reference antenna in the simulated dense array. The method is first validated using simulated events to estimate its accuracy. We then apply it to the cosmic ray candidates detected by the SURA. Our results show that the core location can be reconstructed with a minimum error of about 3 m. However, when the characteristics of the shower being reconstructed differ significantly from the reference array, the error increases. To enhance reconstruction precision and computational efficiency, we explore optimizations, including reducing the dense array size and accounting for variations in primary energy and arrival direction. Our findings demonstrate the potential of radio-based techniques for high-precision core location reconstruction, providing valuable insights for future large-scale cosmic ray observatories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Astrophysics & Astronomy is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Reconstruction of cosmic ray air shower core location at SURA experiment.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Latifian%2C+Fatemeh%22">Latifian, Fatemeh</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rastegarzadeh%2C+Gohar%22">Rastegarzadeh, Gohar</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> grastegar@semnan.ac.ir</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Astrophysics+%26+Astronomy%22">Journal of Astrophysics & Astronomy</searchLink>. 10/18/2025, Vol. 46 Issue 2, p1-10. 10p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ultra-high+energy+cosmic+rays%22">Ultra-high energy cosmic rays</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cosmic+ray+showers%22">Cosmic ray showers</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Observatories%22">Observatories</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cosmic+rays%22">Cosmic rays</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Radio+waves%22">Radio waves</searchLink>
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: The Semnan University Radio Array (SURA) is a self-triggered radio array located on the roof of the Physics Faculty at Semnan University in Iran. It is designed to detect radio emissions from air showers generated by ultra-high energy (UHE) cosmic rays with energies exceeding 10 17 eV. The array consists of 4 Log-Periodic Dipole Antennas (LPDAs) operating in the 40–80 MHz range. In this study, we present a method for reconstructing the core location of extensive air showers (EAS) by comparing the signal intensities of simulated and experimental data. We employ a simulated dense array as a reference and determine the core location by matching the experimental signal intensity of each antenna with the corresponding reference antenna in the simulated dense array. The method is first validated using simulated events to estimate its accuracy. We then apply it to the cosmic ray candidates detected by the SURA. Our results show that the core location can be reconstructed with a minimum error of about 3 m. However, when the characteristics of the shower being reconstructed differ significantly from the reference array, the error increases. To enhance reconstruction precision and computational efficiency, we explore optimizations, including reducing the dense array size and accounting for variations in primary energy and arrival direction. Our findings demonstrate the potential of radio-based techniques for high-precision core location reconstruction, providing valuable insights for future large-scale cosmic ray observatories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Astrophysics & Astronomy is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1007/s12036-025-10098-0
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        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Ultra-high energy cosmic rays
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      – SubjectFull: Cosmic ray showers
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      – SubjectFull: Observatories
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      – SubjectFull: Cosmic rays
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      – TitleFull: Reconstruction of cosmic ray air shower core location at SURA experiment.
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              Text: 10/18/2025
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              Y: 2025
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