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Miscibility analysis of low-GWP refrigerant R474A with Polyol Ester and Polyalkylene Glycol oils for mobile air-conditioning system.

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Title: Miscibility analysis of low-GWP refrigerant R474A with Polyol Ester and Polyalkylene Glycol oils for mobile air-conditioning system.
Authors: Ishaque, Shehryar1,2 (AUTHOR), Naveed Ullah1 (AUTHOR), Kim, Man-Hoe1,2 (AUTHOR) manhoe.kim@knu.ac.kr
Source: International Journal of Refrigeration. Dec2025, Vol. 180, p359-368. 10p.
Subjects: Miscibility, Phase separation, Automotive engineering, Synthetic lubricants, Field research, Refrigerants, Lubricating oils, Refrigeration & refrigerating machinery
Abstract: • An experimental study is conducted to analyze the miscibility of R474A with POE and PAG oils. • The saturation vapor pressure of the refrigerant/lubricant mixture is measured across varying oil mass fractions and temperatures. • Phase separation is analyzed, and a phase diagram is developed for R474A with POE and PAG oils. • POE oils are completely miscible while PAG oil was partially miscible with R474A. The miscibility between refrigerant and lubricant plays a key role in ensuring reliable compressor lubrication, efficient heat transfer, and overall performance stability in automotive HVAC systems. Understanding the miscibility behavior of next-generation low-GWP refrigerants with various lubricants is essential for ensuring their successful application in modern automotive systems. R474A, developed by Daikin, is a low-GWP refrigerant specifically designed for mobile air-conditioning systems in battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). This study experimentally investigates the miscibility of R474A with POE oils (Mobil EAL Arctic series and Ze-GLES RB) and a PAG oil (PS-D1), by varying the oil mass fraction from 0 % to 70 % over a temperature range of -10 °C to 60 °C. The experimental setup was developed in accordance with ASHRAE standards. Results are presented as saturation pressure vs. oil mass fraction graphs, miscibility charts, and phase separation diagrams. An inverse relationship was observed between the saturation vapor pressure and oil mass fraction for all three oils. R474A exhibited complete miscibility with both POE oils across the entire temperature and concentration range. In contrast, four distinct behaviors miscible, liquid phase separation, partially miscible, and immiscible were observed for R474A with PAG oil, particularly at higher oil mass fractions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of International Journal of Refrigeration is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 188830587
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PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Data: Miscibility analysis of low-GWP refrigerant R474A with Polyol Ester and Polyalkylene Glycol oils for mobile air-conditioning system.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ishaque%2C+Shehryar%22">Ishaque, Shehryar</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Naveed+Ullah%22">Naveed Ullah</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kim%2C+Man-Hoe%22">Kim, Man-Hoe</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> manhoe.kim@knu.ac.kr</i>
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– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: • An experimental study is conducted to analyze the miscibility of R474A with POE and PAG oils. • The saturation vapor pressure of the refrigerant/lubricant mixture is measured across varying oil mass fractions and temperatures. • Phase separation is analyzed, and a phase diagram is developed for R474A with POE and PAG oils. • POE oils are completely miscible while PAG oil was partially miscible with R474A. The miscibility between refrigerant and lubricant plays a key role in ensuring reliable compressor lubrication, efficient heat transfer, and overall performance stability in automotive HVAC systems. Understanding the miscibility behavior of next-generation low-GWP refrigerants with various lubricants is essential for ensuring their successful application in modern automotive systems. R474A, developed by Daikin, is a low-GWP refrigerant specifically designed for mobile air-conditioning systems in battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). This study experimentally investigates the miscibility of R474A with POE oils (Mobil EAL Arctic series and Ze-GLES RB) and a PAG oil (PS-D1), by varying the oil mass fraction from 0 % to 70 % over a temperature range of -10 °C to 60 °C. The experimental setup was developed in accordance with ASHRAE standards. Results are presented as saturation pressure vs. oil mass fraction graphs, miscibility charts, and phase separation diagrams. An inverse relationship was observed between the saturation vapor pressure and oil mass fraction for all three oils. R474A exhibited complete miscibility with both POE oils across the entire temperature and concentration range. In contrast, four distinct behaviors miscible, liquid phase separation, partially miscible, and immiscible were observed for R474A with PAG oil, particularly at higher oil mass fractions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of International Journal of Refrigeration is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.09.017
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 10
        StartPage: 359
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Miscibility
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Phase separation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Automotive engineering
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Synthetic lubricants
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Field research
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Refrigerants
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Lubricating oils
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Refrigeration & refrigerating machinery
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Miscibility analysis of low-GWP refrigerant R474A with Polyol Ester and Polyalkylene Glycol oils for mobile air-conditioning system.
        Type: main
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            NameFull: Ishaque, Shehryar
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            NameFull: Naveed Ullah
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            NameFull: Kim, Man-Hoe
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            – D: 01
              M: 12
              Text: Dec2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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              Value: 180
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            – TitleFull: International Journal of Refrigeration
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