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Development of Acid Sulfate Soil Transformation Models to Manage Disturbed Freshwater Wetlands on Norfolk Island.

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Title: Development of Acid Sulfate Soil Transformation Models to Manage Disturbed Freshwater Wetlands on Norfolk Island.
Authors: Fitzpatrick, R. W.1,2 (AUTHOR) robert.fitzpatrick@adelaide.edu.au, Thomas, B. P.1,2 (AUTHOR), Philip, S. R.3 (AUTHOR)
Source: European Journal of Soil Science. Sep/Oct2025, Vol. 76 Issue 5, p1-15. 15p.
Subjects: Acid sulfate soils, Wetlands, Prediction models, Islands, Anthropogenic soils, Anthropogenic effects on nature, Land management
Geographic Terms: Norfolk Island
Abstract: This paper describes models used to explain Acid Sulfate Soil (ASS) transformation processes on Norfolk Island wetlands. Prolonged drying (1970–2020) and a range of human disturbances (from cattle pugging to excavated drains) have led to lower groundwater tables and the formation of Sulfuric organic soils (pH < 4). It builds on a companion paper, which provides the methodological framework by establishing five descriptive soil‐landscape models of 14 ASS wetlands affected by anthropogenic disturbances over three drying‐wetting cycles (drying until 2020, wetting in 2021, and flooding in 2022). The study aims to enhance land management and improve communication about ASS by applying four simplified soil‐landscape models: (1) A descriptive model: Describes processes leading to transformations in the properties of ASS during drying–wetting cycles. It is based on the descriptive models of a range of scenarios presented in the companion paper. (2) An explanatory model: Shows ASS transformation processes, including wetting, drying, and disturbances from excavation and cattle pugging, highlighting reversible and irreversible changes. (3) A predictive (4D) model: Illustrates ASS transformation across diverse environmental conditions, considering three drying–wetting cycles and five disturbance categories. (4) Two predictive evolutionary models: Depicts long‐term ASS changes under different conditions, identifying factors that stabilise or accelerate soil changes over recent geological time. These models help non‐specialists (such as land holders and community groups) recognise ASS types, monitor changes, and implement either nature‐based solutions or remediation management options. They could also be applied to other islands in the south Pacific region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of European Journal of Soil Science is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
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  Data: Development of Acid Sulfate Soil Transformation Models to Manage Disturbed Freshwater Wetlands on Norfolk Island.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Fitzpatrick%2C+R%2E+W%2E%22&quot;&gt;Fitzpatrick, R. W.&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1,2&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;i&gt; robert.fitzpatrick@adelaide.edu.au&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Thomas%2C+B%2E+P%2E%22&quot;&gt;Thomas, B. P.&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1,2&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Philip%2C+S%2E+R%2E%22&quot;&gt;Philip, S. R.&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;3&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;JN&quot; term=&quot;%22European+Journal+of+Soil+Science%22&quot;&gt;European Journal of Soil Science&lt;/searchLink&gt;. Sep/Oct2025, Vol. 76 Issue 5, p1-15. 15p.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Acid+sulfate+soils%22&quot;&gt;Acid sulfate soils&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Wetlands%22&quot;&gt;Wetlands&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Prediction+models%22&quot;&gt;Prediction models&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Islands%22&quot;&gt;Islands&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Anthropogenic+soils%22&quot;&gt;Anthropogenic soils&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Anthropogenic+effects+on+nature%22&quot;&gt;Anthropogenic effects on nature&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Land+management%22&quot;&gt;Land management&lt;/searchLink&gt;
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Norfolk+Island%22&quot;&gt;Norfolk Island&lt;/searchLink&gt;
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: This paper describes models used to explain Acid Sulfate Soil (ASS) transformation processes on Norfolk Island wetlands. Prolonged drying (1970–2020) and a range of human disturbances (from cattle pugging to excavated drains) have led to lower groundwater tables and the formation of Sulfuric organic soils (pH &lt; 4). It builds on a companion paper, which provides the methodological framework by establishing five descriptive soil‐landscape models of 14 ASS wetlands affected by anthropogenic disturbances over three drying‐wetting cycles (drying until 2020, wetting in 2021, and flooding in 2022). The study aims to enhance land management and improve communication about ASS by applying four simplified soil‐landscape models: (1) A descriptive model: Describes processes leading to transformations in the properties of ASS during drying–wetting cycles. It is based on the descriptive models of a range of scenarios presented in the companion paper. (2) An explanatory model: Shows ASS transformation processes, including wetting, drying, and disturbances from excavation and cattle pugging, highlighting reversible and irreversible changes. (3) A predictive (4D) model: Illustrates ASS transformation across diverse environmental conditions, considering three drying–wetting cycles and five disturbance categories. (4) Two predictive evolutionary models: Depicts long‐term ASS changes under different conditions, identifying factors that stabilise or accelerate soil changes over recent geological time. These models help non‐specialists (such as land holders and community groups) recognise ASS types, monitor changes, and implement either nature‐based solutions or remediation management options. They could also be applied to other islands in the south Pacific region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
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  Group: Ab
  Data: &lt;i&gt;Copyright of European Journal of Soil Science is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder&#39;s express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.&lt;/i&gt; (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1111/ejss.70181
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 15
        StartPage: 1
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Acid sulfate soils
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Wetlands
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Prediction models
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Islands
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Anthropogenic soils
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Anthropogenic effects on nature
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Land management
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Norfolk Island
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Development of Acid Sulfate Soil Transformation Models to Manage Disturbed Freshwater Wetlands on Norfolk Island.
        Type: main
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            NameFull: Fitzpatrick, R. W.
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            NameFull: Thomas, B. P.
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            NameFull: Philip, S. R.
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            – D: 01
              M: 09
              Text: Sep/Oct2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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              Value: 76
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            – TitleFull: European Journal of Soil Science
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