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Kinetic modeling of δ-ferrite to γ-austenite transformation in martensitic stainless steel: microstructure prediction in laser powder bed fusion.

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Title: Kinetic modeling of δ-ferrite to γ-austenite transformation in martensitic stainless steel: microstructure prediction in laser powder bed fusion.
Authors: An, Sohee1,2 (AUTHOR), Choi, Kyunsuk3 (AUTHOR), Eo, Du-Rim1,2 (AUTHOR) adream@kitech.re.kr, Sohn, Il1 (AUTHOR) ilsohn@yonsei.ac.kr
Source: Materials & Design. Nov2025, Vol. 259, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
Subjects: Martensitic stainless steel, Austenite, Selective laser melting, Ferrites, Discontinuous precipitation, Microstructure, Phase transitions
Abstract: [Display omitted] • δ-to-γ phase transformation model for laser powder bed fusion was proposed. • Lower Cr eq /Ni eq and higher laser power accelerate δ-to-γ transformation. • Heat affected zone shows more phase transformation due to reheating by laser scans. • The model predicts printed microstructure with high accuracy (R2 = 0.9405). In laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), complex and spatially varying thermal histories emerge due to repetitive laser scanning and localized heat accumulation, which complicate the prediction of microstructure evolution. These thermal histories result in heterogeneous microstructures composed of δ-ferrite, α'-martensite, and retained austenite in martensitic stainless steels fabricated by the LPBF. In particular, the volume fractions of α'-martensite and δ-ferrite are influenced by the δ-ferrite to γ-austenite transformation, which is affected by powder chemistry and local cooling rates. This study proposes a modeling framework to predict the δ-ferrite to γ-austenite transformation in a representative alloy. The numerical model integrates thermodynamic data and thermal simulations to perform time-dependent thermodynamic calculations based on classical nucleation and growth theories along simulated thermal histories. It successfully captures the phase transformation under ultrafast cooling conditions, showing strong agreement with experimental observations (R2 = 0.9405). These findings offer a novel framework for understanding and controlling phase evolution in additively manufactured martensitic stainless steels, enabling site-specific microstructure control to optimize mechanical performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Materials & Design is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 188927976
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Kinetic modeling of δ-ferrite to γ-austenite transformation in martensitic stainless steel: microstructure prediction in laser powder bed fusion.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22An%2C+Sohee%22">An, Sohee</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Choi%2C+Kyunsuk%22">Choi, Kyunsuk</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Eo%2C+Du-Rim%22">Eo, Du-Rim</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> adream@kitech.re.kr</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sohn%2C+Il%22">Sohn, Il</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> ilsohn@yonsei.ac.kr</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Materials+%26+Design%22">Materials & Design</searchLink>. Nov2025, Vol. 259, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Martensitic+stainless+steel%22">Martensitic stainless steel</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Austenite%22">Austenite</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Selective+laser+melting%22">Selective laser melting</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ferrites%22">Ferrites</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Discontinuous+precipitation%22">Discontinuous precipitation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Microstructure%22">Microstructure</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Phase+transitions%22">Phase transitions</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: [Display omitted] • δ-to-γ phase transformation model for laser powder bed fusion was proposed. • Lower Cr eq /Ni eq and higher laser power accelerate δ-to-γ transformation. • Heat affected zone shows more phase transformation due to reheating by laser scans. • The model predicts printed microstructure with high accuracy (R2 = 0.9405). In laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), complex and spatially varying thermal histories emerge due to repetitive laser scanning and localized heat accumulation, which complicate the prediction of microstructure evolution. These thermal histories result in heterogeneous microstructures composed of δ-ferrite, α'-martensite, and retained austenite in martensitic stainless steels fabricated by the LPBF. In particular, the volume fractions of α'-martensite and δ-ferrite are influenced by the δ-ferrite to γ-austenite transformation, which is affected by powder chemistry and local cooling rates. This study proposes a modeling framework to predict the δ-ferrite to γ-austenite transformation in a representative alloy. The numerical model integrates thermodynamic data and thermal simulations to perform time-dependent thermodynamic calculations based on classical nucleation and growth theories along simulated thermal histories. It successfully captures the phase transformation under ultrafast cooling conditions, showing strong agreement with experimental observations (R2 = 0.9405). These findings offer a novel framework for understanding and controlling phase evolution in additively manufactured martensitic stainless steels, enabling site-specific microstructure control to optimize mechanical performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Materials & Design is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.114809
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 1
        StartPage: N.PAG
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Martensitic stainless steel
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Austenite
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Selective laser melting
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ferrites
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Discontinuous precipitation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Microstructure
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Phase transitions
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Kinetic modeling of δ-ferrite to γ-austenite transformation in martensitic stainless steel: microstructure prediction in laser powder bed fusion.
        Type: main
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            NameFull: An, Sohee
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            NameFull: Choi, Kyunsuk
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            NameFull: Eo, Du-Rim
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            NameFull: Sohn, Il
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            – D: 01
              M: 11
              Text: Nov2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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              Value: 259
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