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Influence of alkaline earth metal ions on graphitization of ionically crosslinked alginates.

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Title: Influence of alkaline earth metal ions on graphitization of ionically crosslinked alginates.
Authors: Choi, Dongcheon1,2 (AUTHOR), Lee, Hae Ri1 (AUTHOR), Kim, Young Min1 (AUTHOR), Kim, Junbeom1 (AUTHOR), Karnitski, Aliaksandr1 (AUTHOR), Kim, Seung Hyun3 (AUTHOR), Kim, Young-Kwan3 (AUTHOR), Lee, Sungho1 (AUTHOR), Joh, Han-Ik2 (AUTHOR), Kim, Sung-Soo1 (AUTHOR) sskim@kist.re.kr
Source: Chemical Engineering Journal. Nov2025, Vol. 524, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
Subjects: Alkaline earth ions, Graphitization, Biopolymers, Lithium-ion batteries, Graphite industry, Heat treatment, Ionic conductivity, Biomass chemicals
Abstract: Biomass-derived feedstocks have traditionally been regarded as non-graphitizable carbon precursors due to the inherently low crystallinity of carbonized biomass. Nevertheless, recent advances have highlighted the potential of biomass as a sustainable source for producing graphite, offering a promising alternative to fossil fuel–based carbon materials. Here, we present a strategy for preparing highly crystalline graphitic materials from alginate, a polysaccharide found in algae, by investigating the role of alkaline earth metal ions (i.e. Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+) during thermal treatment up to 2400 °C. Ionic crosslinking with these ions effectively replaced the original Na+ in sodium alginate, leading to the formation of their respective carbides within the carbonized matrix during graphitization. Based on the mechanistic consideration, we verified that the subsequent thermal decomposition of the carbides converted amorphous carbon into graphitic layers, enabling the successful graphitization of non-graphitizable alginate. This mechanism stands in stark contrast to the conventional view that alginate-derived carbons are intrinsically turbostratic. In addition, all graphitic materials derived from alginates crosslinked with alkaline earth metal ions exhibited superior crystalline structures and significantly enhanced electrochemical performance as anode material in lithium-ion batteries. For instance, Sr2+-crosslinked alginate produced the most crystalline graphite and demonstrated the highest Li+ intercalation capacity of 347.1 mAh/g, establishing alginates crosslinked with alkaline earth metal ions as promising biomass-derived precursors for advanced energy storage applications. [Display omitted] • Alkaline earth ions crosslink alginates and enhance their thermal stability. • Embedded metal ions form carbides during the carbonization process. • These carbides decompose, generating graphitic layers in carbonized alginates. • The graphitized alginates reach a peak intercalation capacity of 347 mAh/g. • Metal-assisted conversion upgrades biomass to battery-grade synthetic graphite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Chemical Engineering Journal is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 189033332
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  Data: Influence of alkaline earth metal ions on graphitization of ionically crosslinked alginates.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Choi%2C+Dongcheon%22">Choi, Dongcheon</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lee%2C+Hae+Ri%22">Lee, Hae Ri</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kim%2C+Young+Min%22">Kim, Young Min</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kim%2C+Junbeom%22">Kim, Junbeom</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Karnitski%2C+Aliaksandr%22">Karnitski, Aliaksandr</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kim%2C+Seung+Hyun%22">Kim, Seung Hyun</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kim%2C+Young-Kwan%22">Kim, Young-Kwan</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lee%2C+Sungho%22">Lee, Sungho</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Joh%2C+Han-Ik%22">Joh, Han-Ik</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kim%2C+Sung-Soo%22">Kim, Sung-Soo</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> sskim@kist.re.kr</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Chemical+Engineering+Journal%22">Chemical Engineering Journal</searchLink>. Nov2025, Vol. 524, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Alkaline+earth+ions%22">Alkaline earth ions</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Graphitization%22">Graphitization</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Biopolymers%22">Biopolymers</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Lithium-ion+batteries%22">Lithium-ion batteries</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Graphite+industry%22">Graphite industry</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Heat+treatment%22">Heat treatment</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ionic+conductivity%22">Ionic conductivity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Biomass+chemicals%22">Biomass chemicals</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Biomass-derived feedstocks have traditionally been regarded as non-graphitizable carbon precursors due to the inherently low crystallinity of carbonized biomass. Nevertheless, recent advances have highlighted the potential of biomass as a sustainable source for producing graphite, offering a promising alternative to fossil fuel–based carbon materials. Here, we present a strategy for preparing highly crystalline graphitic materials from alginate, a polysaccharide found in algae, by investigating the role of alkaline earth metal ions (i.e. Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+) during thermal treatment up to 2400 °C. Ionic crosslinking with these ions effectively replaced the original Na+ in sodium alginate, leading to the formation of their respective carbides within the carbonized matrix during graphitization. Based on the mechanistic consideration, we verified that the subsequent thermal decomposition of the carbides converted amorphous carbon into graphitic layers, enabling the successful graphitization of non-graphitizable alginate. This mechanism stands in stark contrast to the conventional view that alginate-derived carbons are intrinsically turbostratic. In addition, all graphitic materials derived from alginates crosslinked with alkaline earth metal ions exhibited superior crystalline structures and significantly enhanced electrochemical performance as anode material in lithium-ion batteries. For instance, Sr2+-crosslinked alginate produced the most crystalline graphite and demonstrated the highest Li+ intercalation capacity of 347.1 mAh/g, establishing alginates crosslinked with alkaline earth metal ions as promising biomass-derived precursors for advanced energy storage applications. [Display omitted] • Alkaline earth ions crosslink alginates and enhance their thermal stability. • Embedded metal ions form carbides during the carbonization process. • These carbides decompose, generating graphitic layers in carbonized alginates. • The graphitized alginates reach a peak intercalation capacity of 347 mAh/g. • Metal-assisted conversion upgrades biomass to battery-grade synthetic graphite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Chemical Engineering Journal is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.cej.2025.169634
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 1
        StartPage: N.PAG
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Alkaline earth ions
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Graphitization
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Biopolymers
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Lithium-ion batteries
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Graphite industry
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      – SubjectFull: Heat treatment
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      – SubjectFull: Ionic conductivity
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      – SubjectFull: Biomass chemicals
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      – TitleFull: Influence of alkaline earth metal ions on graphitization of ionically crosslinked alginates.
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              Text: Nov2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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