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Urban expansion drives both loss and compensation in city vegetation productivity.

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Title: Urban expansion drives both loss and compensation in city vegetation productivity.
Authors: Liu, Xinyue1,2,3 (AUTHOR), Zha, Tianshan1,2,3 (AUTHOR) tianshanzha@bjfu.edu.cn, Bourque, Charles P.-A.2,4 (AUTHOR), Liu, Peng1,2,3 (AUTHOR), Zhao, Hongxian1,2,3 (AUTHOR), Li, Tingshan5 (AUTHOR), Li, Xinhao6 (AUTHOR), Tian, Yun1,2,3 (AUTHOR), Jia, Xin1,2,3,4 (AUTHOR)
Source: Journal of Environmental Sciences (Elsevier). Feb2026, Vol. 160, p591-599. 9p.
Subjects: Urbanization, Plant productivity, Spatial variation, Megalopolis, Urban ecology, Remote sensing, Urban heat islands
Geographic Terms: China, Beijing (China)
Abstract: Urbanization alters vegetation productivity by both direct (ω d) and indirect (ω i) effects. The direct effect is from the change of vegetated area indicated by impervious surface intensity (ISI), while indirect effects arise from changes in urban environmental factors, such as near-surface air temperatures, precipitation, urban heat island (UHI) intensity, and population density (POP). The respective contributions of ω d and ω i to vegetation net primary productivity (NPP) under various phases of urbanization are not well quantified. Using multisource remote-sensing data from 1990 to 2020, we analyzed the spatiotemporal variation in urban expansion and the effect that ω d and ω i had on NPP in the megalopolis of Beijing, China, over 5-year intervals. During this period, Beijing underwent significant planar expansion rates of about 58.9 km2/yr. Annual mean loss of NPP by ω d was estimated to be about 77.1 g C/(m2·yr) during the 1990-2020 period, while annual mean improvement to NPP by ω i amounted to an increase of 28.9 g C/(m2·yr). The NPP losses were partially offset by NPP improvements in the order of 18.6 %-69.3 %. The impact of forcing variables on NPP varied spatially. Air temperature, precipitation, UHI, POP, and ISI explained about 13.8 %, 23.2 %, 23.7 %, 14.7 %, and 24.6 % of the spatial variation in NPP. The impact of air temperature on NPP was related to available moisture, negatively affecting NPP in regions with water deficits. Our findings demonstrate the dual impact of urbanization on vegetation and underscore the necessity for spatially adaptive ecological management strategies in regions experiencing rapid urban growth. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Environmental Sciences (Elsevier) is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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Header DbId: egs
DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 189034999
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
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Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Urban expansion drives both loss and compensation in city vegetation productivity.
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  Label: Authors
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Liu%2C+Xinyue%22">Liu, Xinyue</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zha%2C+Tianshan%22">Zha, Tianshan</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> tianshanzha@bjfu.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bourque%2C+Charles+P%2E-A%2E%22">Bourque, Charles P.-A.</searchLink><relatesTo>2,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Liu%2C+Peng%22">Liu, Peng</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhao%2C+Hongxian%22">Zhao, Hongxian</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Li%2C+Tingshan%22">Li, Tingshan</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Li%2C+Xinhao%22">Li, Xinhao</searchLink><relatesTo>6</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tian%2C+Yun%22">Tian, Yun</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jia%2C+Xin%22">Jia, Xin</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,3,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Environmental+Sciences+%28Elsevier%29%22">Journal of Environmental Sciences (Elsevier)</searchLink>. Feb2026, Vol. 160, p591-599. 9p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subjects
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Urbanization%22">Urbanization</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Plant+productivity%22">Plant productivity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Spatial+variation%22">Spatial variation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Megalopolis%22">Megalopolis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Urban+ecology%22">Urban ecology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Remote+sensing%22">Remote sensing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Urban+heat+islands%22">Urban heat islands</searchLink>
– Name: SubjectGeographic
  Label: Geographic Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22China%22">China</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Beijing+%28China%29%22">Beijing (China)</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Urbanization alters vegetation productivity by both direct (ω d) and indirect (ω i) effects. The direct effect is from the change of vegetated area indicated by impervious surface intensity (ISI), while indirect effects arise from changes in urban environmental factors, such as near-surface air temperatures, precipitation, urban heat island (UHI) intensity, and population density (POP). The respective contributions of ω d and ω i to vegetation net primary productivity (NPP) under various phases of urbanization are not well quantified. Using multisource remote-sensing data from 1990 to 2020, we analyzed the spatiotemporal variation in urban expansion and the effect that ω d and ω i had on NPP in the megalopolis of Beijing, China, over 5-year intervals. During this period, Beijing underwent significant planar expansion rates of about 58.9 km2/yr. Annual mean loss of NPP by ω d was estimated to be about 77.1 g C/(m2·yr) during the 1990-2020 period, while annual mean improvement to NPP by ω i amounted to an increase of 28.9 g C/(m2·yr). The NPP losses were partially offset by NPP improvements in the order of 18.6 %-69.3 %. The impact of forcing variables on NPP varied spatially. Air temperature, precipitation, UHI, POP, and ISI explained about 13.8 %, 23.2 %, 23.7 %, 14.7 %, and 24.6 % of the spatial variation in NPP. The impact of air temperature on NPP was related to available moisture, negatively affecting NPP in regions with water deficits. Our findings demonstrate the dual impact of urbanization on vegetation and underscore the necessity for spatially adaptive ecological management strategies in regions experiencing rapid urban growth. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Environmental Sciences (Elsevier) is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=egs&AN=189034999
RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.jes.2025.08.014
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 9
        StartPage: 591
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Urbanization
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Plant productivity
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Spatial variation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Megalopolis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Urban ecology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Remote sensing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Urban heat islands
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: China
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Beijing (China)
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Urban expansion drives both loss and compensation in city vegetation productivity.
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            NameFull: Liu, Xinyue
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            NameFull: Zha, Tianshan
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            NameFull: Bourque, Charles P.-A.
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            NameFull: Liu, Peng
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            NameFull: Zhao, Hongxian
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            NameFull: Li, Tingshan
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            NameFull: Li, Xinhao
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            – D: 01
              M: 02
              Text: Feb2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 160
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            – TitleFull: Journal of Environmental Sciences (Elsevier)
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