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Neo-Natal Castration Leads to Subtle Differences in Porcine Anterior Cruciate Ligament Morphology and Function in Adolescence.

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Title: Neo-Natal Castration Leads to Subtle Differences in Porcine Anterior Cruciate Ligament Morphology and Function in Adolescence.
Authors: Thompson, Jacob D.1,2 mbfisher@ncsu.edu, Howe, Danielle1,2, Griffith, Emily H.3, Fisher, Matthew B.1,2
Source: Journal of Biomechanical Engineering. 2024, p1-9. 9p.
Subjects: Anterior cruciate ligament, Testosterone, Biomechanics, Injury risk factors, Castration, Laboratory swine
Abstract: Female adolescent athletes are at a higher risk of tearing their anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) than male counterparts. While most work related to hormones has focused on the effects of estrogen to understand the increased risk of ACL injury, there are other understudied factors, including testosterone. The purpose of this study was to determine how surgical castration in the male porcine model influences ACL size and function across skeletal growth. Thirty-six male Yorkshire crossbreed pigs were raised to 3 (juvenile), 4.5 (early adolescent), and 6 months (adolescent) of age. Animals were either castrated (barrows) within 2 weeks after birth or were left intact (boars). Posteuthanasia, joint and ACL size were assessed via MRI, and biomechanics were assessed via a robotic testing system. Joint size increased throughout age, yet barrows had smaller joints than boars. ACL cross-sectional area (CSA), length, volume, and in situ stiffness increased with age, as did the percent contribution of the ACL anteromedial (AM) bundle to resisting loads. Boar ACL, AM bundle, and PL bundle volumes were 19%, 25%, and 15% larger than barrows across ages. However, ACL CSA, in situ stiffness, and bundle contribution were similar between boars and barrows. The barrows had smaller temporal increases in AM bundle function than boars, but these data were highly variable. Early and sustained loss in testosterone leads to subtle differences in ACL morphology but may not influence measures associated with increased injury risk, such as CSA or bundle forces in response to applied loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Biomechanical Engineering is the property of American Society of Mechanical Engineers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
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PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Data: Neo-Natal Castration Leads to Subtle Differences in Porcine Anterior Cruciate Ligament Morphology and Function in Adolescence.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Thompson%2C+Jacob+D%2E%22">Thompson, Jacob D.</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo><i> mbfisher@ncsu.edu</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Howe%2C+Danielle%22">Howe, Danielle</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Griffith%2C+Emily+H%2E%22">Griffith, Emily H.</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Fisher%2C+Matthew+B%2E%22">Fisher, Matthew B.</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Anterior+cruciate+ligament%22">Anterior cruciate ligament</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Testosterone%22">Testosterone</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Biomechanics%22">Biomechanics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Injury+risk+factors%22">Injury risk factors</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Castration%22">Castration</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Laboratory+swine%22">Laboratory swine</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Female adolescent athletes are at a higher risk of tearing their anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) than male counterparts. While most work related to hormones has focused on the effects of estrogen to understand the increased risk of ACL injury, there are other understudied factors, including testosterone. The purpose of this study was to determine how surgical castration in the male porcine model influences ACL size and function across skeletal growth. Thirty-six male Yorkshire crossbreed pigs were raised to 3 (juvenile), 4.5 (early adolescent), and 6 months (adolescent) of age. Animals were either castrated (barrows) within 2 weeks after birth or were left intact (boars). Posteuthanasia, joint and ACL size were assessed via MRI, and biomechanics were assessed via a robotic testing system. Joint size increased throughout age, yet barrows had smaller joints than boars. ACL cross-sectional area (CSA), length, volume, and in situ stiffness increased with age, as did the percent contribution of the ACL anteromedial (AM) bundle to resisting loads. Boar ACL, AM bundle, and PL bundle volumes were 19%, 25%, and 15% larger than barrows across ages. However, ACL CSA, in situ stiffness, and bundle contribution were similar between boars and barrows. The barrows had smaller temporal increases in AM bundle function than boars, but these data were highly variable. Early and sustained loss in testosterone leads to subtle differences in ACL morphology but may not influence measures associated with increased injury risk, such as CSA or bundle forces in response to applied loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Biomechanical Engineering is the property of American Society of Mechanical Engineers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1115/1.4063744
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 9
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      – SubjectFull: Anterior cruciate ligament
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Testosterone
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Biomechanics
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      – SubjectFull: Injury risk factors
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      – SubjectFull: Castration
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Laboratory swine
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Neo-Natal Castration Leads to Subtle Differences in Porcine Anterior Cruciate Ligament Morphology and Function in Adolescence.
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            NameFull: Thompson, Jacob D.
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            NameFull: Howe, Danielle
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            NameFull: Griffith, Emily H.
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            NameFull: Fisher, Matthew B.
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            – D: 01
              M: 01
              Text: 2024
              Type: published
              Y: 2024
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