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Artificial intelligence-based multimodal framework for non-invasive detection of digital eye strain using thermal imaging and behavioral metrics.

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Title: Artificial intelligence-based multimodal framework for non-invasive detection of digital eye strain using thermal imaging and behavioral metrics.
Authors: Persiya, J.1 (AUTHOR) persiya.j2022@vitstudent.ac.in, Sasithradevi, A.1,2 (AUTHOR) sasithradevi.a@vit.ac.in
Source: Journal of Thermal Biology. Oct2025, Vol. 133, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
Subjects: Eyestrain, Thermography, Artificial intelligence, Machine learning, Patient monitoring, Behavioral assessment, Medical informatics
Abstract: Digital Eye Strain is an emerging occupational health concern with significant implications for digital well-being. To address the need for scalable and objective monitoring, EyeStrainNet is proposed. It is a multimodal and explainable health informatics framework that integrates thermal imaging and behavioral metrics for the non-invasive detection of Digital Eye Strain. Thermal images were captured pre- and post-screen exposure using a FLIR Edge Pro camera, and ocular temperature features were extracted from the inner and outer canthus and central cornea. Behavioral data, such as screen exposure duration and distraction levels, were recorded in parallel. A total of 197 samples (34 with significant strain, 163 without) were analyzed. Feature engineering and statistical analysis revealed strong correlations between ocular temperature changes and behavioral factors. The proposed EyeStrainNet, based on a one-dimensional convolutional neural network, was evaluated using 5-fold cross-validation. It achieved 97.5 % accuracy, 92.5 % precision, 94.3 % recall, 92.7 % F1-score, 99.7 % ROC-AUC, and 98.9 % PR-AUC, demonstrating strong performance with tight confidence intervals. EyeStrainNet outperformed baseline models such as One-Class SVM and XGBoost-SVM by 2–3 % in accuracy and 5–10 % in F1-score. SHAP-based explainability analysis identified temperature variation and distraction as dominant predictive features. This multimodal, explainable, and data-driven framework enables early-stage, non-clinical DES detection, promoting proactive digital wellness. • Developed the thermal eye image dataset for Digital Eye Strain (DES) detection. • Developed a multimodal system using thermal, behavioral, and physiological features. • Proposed temperature metrics with hybrid thresholding for early DES detection. • Used One-Class SVM and custom 1D-CNN (EyeStrainNet) for DES classification. • Added SHAP-based explainability to improve model transparency and understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Thermal Biology is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
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  Data: Artificial intelligence-based multimodal framework for non-invasive detection of digital eye strain using thermal imaging and behavioral metrics.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Persiya%2C+J%2E%22">Persiya, J.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> persiya.j2022@vitstudent.ac.in</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sasithradevi%2C+A%2E%22">Sasithradevi, A.</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> sasithradevi.a@vit.ac.in</i>
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Digital Eye Strain is an emerging occupational health concern with significant implications for digital well-being. To address the need for scalable and objective monitoring, EyeStrainNet is proposed. It is a multimodal and explainable health informatics framework that integrates thermal imaging and behavioral metrics for the non-invasive detection of Digital Eye Strain. Thermal images were captured pre- and post-screen exposure using a FLIR Edge Pro camera, and ocular temperature features were extracted from the inner and outer canthus and central cornea. Behavioral data, such as screen exposure duration and distraction levels, were recorded in parallel. A total of 197 samples (34 with significant strain, 163 without) were analyzed. Feature engineering and statistical analysis revealed strong correlations between ocular temperature changes and behavioral factors. The proposed EyeStrainNet, based on a one-dimensional convolutional neural network, was evaluated using 5-fold cross-validation. It achieved 97.5 % accuracy, 92.5 % precision, 94.3 % recall, 92.7 % F1-score, 99.7 % ROC-AUC, and 98.9 % PR-AUC, demonstrating strong performance with tight confidence intervals. EyeStrainNet outperformed baseline models such as One-Class SVM and XGBoost-SVM by 2–3 % in accuracy and 5–10 % in F1-score. SHAP-based explainability analysis identified temperature variation and distraction as dominant predictive features. This multimodal, explainable, and data-driven framework enables early-stage, non-clinical DES detection, promoting proactive digital wellness. • Developed the thermal eye image dataset for Digital Eye Strain (DES) detection. • Developed a multimodal system using thermal, behavioral, and physiological features. • Proposed temperature metrics with hybrid thresholding for early DES detection. • Used One-Class SVM and custom 1D-CNN (EyeStrainNet) for DES classification. • Added SHAP-based explainability to improve model transparency and understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Thermal Biology is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2025.104280
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Eyestrain
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Thermography
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Artificial intelligence
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      – SubjectFull: Machine learning
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Patient monitoring
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      – SubjectFull: Behavioral assessment
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Medical informatics
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Artificial intelligence-based multimodal framework for non-invasive detection of digital eye strain using thermal imaging and behavioral metrics.
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            NameFull: Persiya, J.
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            NameFull: Sasithradevi, A.
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              M: 10
              Text: Oct2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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