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Simulations of Selective Seeding of Hailstorms—A Summertime Case Study over Switzerland.

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Title: Simulations of Selective Seeding of Hailstorms—A Summertime Case Study over Switzerland.
Authors: Papaevangelou, Nikolaos1 (AUTHOR) nikolaos.papaevangelou@env.ethz.ch, Villanueva, Diego1 (AUTHOR), Eirund, Gesa K.2 (AUTHOR), Chen, Jie1 (AUTHOR), Dedekind, Zane3 (AUTHOR), Lohmann, Ulrike1 (AUTHOR) ulrike.lohmann@env.ethz.ch
Source: Journal of Applied Meteorology & Climatology. Nov2025, Vol. 64 Issue 11, p1509-1524. 16p.
Subjects: Hailstorms, Silver iodide, Sowing, Thunderstorms, Nucleating agents, Atmospheric models, Agricultural accidents
Geographic Terms: Switzerland
Abstract: Hailstorms can cause a lot of damage to agriculture and property. Therefore, efforts exist to mitigate hail damage by means of seeding a developing hailstorm with ice nucleating particles. Motivated by the Swiss hail mitigation campaign, we examined the impact of silver iodide (AgI) perturbations on a convective storm observed over northern Switzerland on 6 July 2019. We evaluated the effectiveness of an early seeding strategy and investigated the concept of beneficial competition, where an increased number of ice nucleating particles (INPs) leads to the formation of smaller, less damaging hailstones. We used the Consortium for Small-Scale Modeling (COSMO) Regional Weather and Climate Model to simulate this case. AgI particles were added as a prognostic variable to the hailstorm during its cumulus stage and were released in the updraft region near the cloud base with concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 2000 cm−3 in ensemble simulations. While seeding delayed the onset of precipitation, increased the graupel concentration, and reduced supercooled liquid water, especially in the upper part of the convective cloud, no systematic change in the overall hail size has been found. We did, however, observe fewer grid points with mean hail diameters larger than 30 mm in all seeding concentrations across all altitudes, corresponding to a decrease of the largest hail sizes (>30 mm) across all atmospheric levels by up to 11%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Applied Meteorology & Climatology is the property of American Meteorological Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Simulations of Selective Seeding of Hailstorms—A Summertime Case Study over Switzerland.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Papaevangelou%2C+Nikolaos%22">Papaevangelou, Nikolaos</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> nikolaos.papaevangelou@env.ethz.ch</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Villanueva%2C+Diego%22">Villanueva, Diego</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Eirund%2C+Gesa+K%2E%22">Eirund, Gesa K.</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Chen%2C+Jie%22">Chen, Jie</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Dedekind%2C+Zane%22">Dedekind, Zane</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lohmann%2C+Ulrike%22">Lohmann, Ulrike</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> ulrike.lohmann@env.ethz.ch</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Applied+Meteorology+%26+Climatology%22">Journal of Applied Meteorology & Climatology</searchLink>. Nov2025, Vol. 64 Issue 11, p1509-1524. 16p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subjects
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Hailstorms%22">Hailstorms</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Silver+iodide%22">Silver iodide</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sowing%22">Sowing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thunderstorms%22">Thunderstorms</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Nucleating+agents%22">Nucleating agents</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Atmospheric+models%22">Atmospheric models</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Agricultural+accidents%22">Agricultural accidents</searchLink>
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  Label: Geographic Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Switzerland%22">Switzerland</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Hailstorms can cause a lot of damage to agriculture and property. Therefore, efforts exist to mitigate hail damage by means of seeding a developing hailstorm with ice nucleating particles. Motivated by the Swiss hail mitigation campaign, we examined the impact of silver iodide (AgI) perturbations on a convective storm observed over northern Switzerland on 6 July 2019. We evaluated the effectiveness of an early seeding strategy and investigated the concept of beneficial competition, where an increased number of ice nucleating particles (INPs) leads to the formation of smaller, less damaging hailstones. We used the Consortium for Small-Scale Modeling (COSMO) Regional Weather and Climate Model to simulate this case. AgI particles were added as a prognostic variable to the hailstorm during its cumulus stage and were released in the updraft region near the cloud base with concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 2000 cm−3 in ensemble simulations. While seeding delayed the onset of precipitation, increased the graupel concentration, and reduced supercooled liquid water, especially in the upper part of the convective cloud, no systematic change in the overall hail size has been found. We did, however, observe fewer grid points with mean hail diameters larger than 30 mm in all seeding concentrations across all altitudes, corresponding to a decrease of the largest hail sizes (>30 mm) across all atmospheric levels by up to 11%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Applied Meteorology & Climatology is the property of American Meteorological Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1175/JAMC-D-24-0121.1
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 16
        StartPage: 1509
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Hailstorms
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Silver iodide
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sowing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Thunderstorms
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Nucleating agents
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Atmospheric models
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Agricultural accidents
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Switzerland
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Simulations of Selective Seeding of Hailstorms—A Summertime Case Study over Switzerland.
        Type: main
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          Name:
            NameFull: Papaevangelou, Nikolaos
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            NameFull: Villanueva, Diego
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            NameFull: Eirund, Gesa K.
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            NameFull: Chen, Jie
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            – D: 01
              M: 11
              Text: Nov2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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              Value: 64
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              Value: 11
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            – TitleFull: Journal of Applied Meteorology & Climatology
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